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moonflower77all determinative nouns: only II decl.
*
dependent position: used to further describe (specify) another, nominative noun, as in ŋotqɛn ŋinqɛj "this boy"
independent position: used as a substitute for the nominative noun, as in ŋotqɛn "this one, he"
demonstrative nouns
not declined when in the dependent position
always stand separate when in the nominative case:
ŋotqɛn milgɛr "this rifle" : ŋotqɛnat milgɛrti "these rifles"
ɨnqɛn milgɛr "that rifle" : ɨnqɛnat milgɛrti "those rifles"
ŋotqɛn kɛjŋɨn "this bear" : ŋotqɛnat kɛjŋɨt "these bears"
ɨnqɛn kɛjŋɨn "that bear" : ɨnqɛnat kɛjŋɨt "those bears"
ŋotqɛn ŋɛvɨsqɛt "this woman" : ŋotqɛnat ŋɛvɨsqɛtti "these women"
ɨnqɛn ŋɛvɨsqɛt "that woman" : ɨnqɛnat ŋɛvɨsqɛtti "those women"
in all the other cases, will usually be incorporated by the nominative noun (as the stem ŋutin ~ ŋotɛn, ɨnŋin ~ ɨnŋɛn)
ŋutinmilgɛrɛ "using, with this rifle", ŋutinkɛjŋɛ “(by) this bear”, ŋutinŋɛvɨsqɛtɛ “(by) this woman”
ɨnŋinmilgɛrɛ "using, with that rifle", ɨnŋinkɛjŋɛ “(by) that bear”, ɨnŋinŋɛvɨsqɛtɛ “(by) that woman”
gaŋotɛnmɛlgarma "(together) with this rifle, having this rifle", gaŋotɛnkajŋɨma “(together) with this bear”,gaŋotɛnŋavɨsqanma “(together) with this woman”
gɨnŋɛnmɛlgarma "(together) with that rifle, having that rifle", gɨnŋɛnkajŋɨma "(together) with that bear",gɨnŋɛnŋavɨsqanma “(together) with that woman”
nominative nouns that belong to the I declension usually incorporate the stem of the demonstrative noun in cases other than the nominative:
ŋutintititɛ "using, with this needle", ŋotɛnvopqata "(by) this elk"
nominative nouns that belong to the III declension usually also incorporate the stem of the demonstrative noun in cases other than the nominative:
ŋutinŋinqɛjɨk "at this boy's dwelling, in this boy's possession", ŋutinɨnpɨnachgɨk "at this old man's dwelling, in this old man’s possession"
ɨnŋɛnŋinqɛjɨk "at that boy's dwelling, in that boy's possession", ɨnŋɛnɨnpɨnachgɨk "at that old man's dwelling, in that old man’s possession"
gaŋotɛnɨnpɨnachgɨma "(together) with this old man", gaŋotɛnŋɛnqajma "(together) with this boy"
gɨnŋɛnɨnpɨnachgɨma "(together) with that old man", gɨnŋɛnŋɛnqajma "(together) with that boy"
more rarely, they may combine with a separate demonstrative noun which is declined according to the II declension model:
ŋotqɛnɨna ŋinqɛjɨk "at this boy's home, in this boy's possession", ŋotqɛnɨna ɨnpɨnachgɨk "at this old man's home, in this old man's possession"
ɨnqɛnɨna ŋinqɛjɨk "at that boy's home, in that boy's possession", ɨnqɛnɨna ɨnpɨnachgɨk "at that old man's home, in that old man's possession"
exceptions are the comitative and sociative cases, where stem incorporation is obligatory:
gɛŋutintumgɛ "(together) with this friend (jointly)", gaŋotɛntomgɨma "(together) with this friend (in his presence)"
declined when in the independent position
nominative nouns that belong to the II declension normally do not combine with demonstrative nouns, as they refer to specific persons (apart from a few extremely rare exceptions where they refer to one of several persons who share the same name)
interrogative nouns
when in the dependent position, are also incorporated by the nominative noun as the stem (rjɛ ~ rja before a consonant, rɛk ~ rak before a vowel). this is obligatory, never optional. this occurs in all cases, including the nominative:
rɛqɛvirjɛ? "with which/what clothes?" raqɨnpɨnachgɨk? "at the dwelling of, in the possession of which/what old man?" garjapojgɨma? "with which/what spear?"
rɛqinirgiŋ? "which/what blanket?" raqavɛɛn? "which/what grazing ground?" rjɛtitiŋɨ? "which/what needle?"rjajajaq? "which/what seagull?"
determinative nouns (qol, ɨmɨļo, ɨmɨļɛtɨ, chinit) may refer both to animate beings (whether human or non-human) and to inanimate objects.
qol "another, the other, one of...": only II declension
in the nominative case always stands separate, regardless of whether it is in the independent or in the dependentposition:
qol ɛnmɛch amɛchatgje another (one of them) had already disappeared (out of sight)
qol mɛmɨl chɨpjɛtgji another ring seal (one of the ring seals) dived
in the other cases, stands separate only when independent (and usually only if it refers to animate beings):
qutɨnɛ kunnin milgɛr the other (one of them) bought a rifle
when in the dependent position, stands separate in the other cases only as an exception:
qutɨnɛ a'acheka jonɛn kɨtɛp another young man (one of the young men) ran down the ram [in these cases the number is encoded only in the determinative noun]
cf.
qotɨna ŋavɨsqatɛtɨ gɛjɨtlin mɛnig (they) gave (some) fabric to another woman (one of the women)
qotɨrɨkɨ ŋavɨsqatɛtɨ gɛjɨtlin mɛnig (they) gave (some) fabric to the other women (some of the women)
as a rule, when in the dependent position, in cases other than the nominative will be incorporated by the nominative noun as the stem (quli ~ qole):
the above is true for nouns that refer both to animate beings and inanimate objects.
the incorporated stem preserves only one of the two meanings: "another, the other":
qulitititɛ ɨnpɨŋɛv nɨvaŋɛqɛn the old woman is sewing with the other/another needle
qoleqaata ɛkvɛtgji ɨtlɨgɨn father arrived on the other reindeer (pl.)
quliŋɛvɨsqɛtɛ tɛjkɨnin kjɛli the other/another woman made (sewed) the cap
quliŋɛvɨsqɛtɨrɨk nɨnvɛnŋɨqinɛt mɛmɨltɛ the other women were skinning the ring seals
ɨmɨļo "all, everybody": only II declension and only plural
never incorporated when dependent, both in the nominative case and in the other cases [differently from other determinative nouns]
ɨmɨļorɨkɨ jajvaletɨ gɛtɛjkɨlinɛt ɛvirjɨt (they) made clothes for all the orphans
chinit "-self, oneself": I declension; only 3 case forms [nom. chinit "oneself", abl. chenɛtgɨpɨ "(away) from oneself", orient.dat. chenɛtɛtɨ "toward, to, for oneself"]
chinit tɨgjekvjɛk (i) myself woke up [nom.]
ɛŋɛŋɨļɛ qɨnur chenɛtgɨpɨ ninɛchviqinɛt tɨrgɨtjulti the shaman seemed to cut pieces of flesh from (off of) himself [i.e. his own body] [abl.]
gɨm lɨmŋɛ qɨrɨm chenɛtɛtɨ mɨqaanmatɨk i will no longer slaughter reindeer for myself [orient.-dat.]
NB! there is no number distinction in the nominative case (not only the other cases)
chinit trɛlqɨtgjɛ (i) will go myself : chinit mɨtrɛlqɨtgjɛ (we) will go ourselves
NB! the same, unchanged form is used for the subject in both the nominative and the ergative structures
chinit travakjogja (i) will sit down myself [nom.] : chinit trɛtɛjkɨŋɨn (i) will make (it) myself [erg.]
most commonly combined with a noun or personal pronoun in the nominative case, which denotes the subject (agent):
ɨtlɨgɨn chinit ŋɨtogjɛ the father emerged (from the dwelling) by himself, he father himself emerged (from the dwelling)
ɨ'tvjɛt chinit atchatgjɛ the boat capsized by itself, the boat itself capsized
gɨm chinit tɨjetɨk i arrived by myself, i myself arrived
ɨtri chinit nɨmigchirɛtqinɛt they are working by themselves, they themselves are working
or with a noun or personal pronoun in the instrumental case, which denotes the subject (agent):
gɨmnan chinit tɨrɛtɨn tɛkichgɨn i brought the meat (by) myself
morgɨnan chinit mɨtļunɛt rjɛvɨt we saw the whales (by) ourselves
ŋɛvɨsqɛtɛ chinit kɨlgɛnninɛt the woman harnessed the reindeer (by) herself
ɨmɨļɛtɨ "all (of oneself), whole"
may refer to any object or being, whether human or non-human
NB!: when used as a separate word, has only one form (ɨmɨļɛtɨ), which is used both in the independent and in thedependent positions
ɨmɨļɛtɨ ŋɛlvɨl gɨntɛkvji the entire herd escaped
ɨmɨļɛtɨ ɛ'qɛrɛgji the whole (of it) has become spoiled (rotten)
in all the other cases the noun occupies the dependent position and is incorporated into the nominative noun:
ɨmɨļɨkoprajpɨ ɨnnɛɛn qɨrɨm nɨgɨntɛvɨn the fish will not escape from the entire net
ɨmɨļɨnɨmɨk ɨtrjɛch ŋirɛq lɨgɛrat pɛlätgjat only two traditional chukchi yarangas have been left in the whole village
demonstrative nouns: can be declined according to either the I decl. or the II decl. model depending on what they refer to
representative nouns: one in the II decl. (nirkɨŋut), the other in the I decl. (nikɨŋut).
determinative nouns may refer to any animate being in general (human or not).
determinative nouns may refer to any animate being in general (human or not).
demonstrative nouns, when they stand separate, usually take I decl. forms. in other cases, they are usually incorporated by the nominative noun in question. however, they can stand separate and take II decl. forms when they refer to: human beings; domestic animals (pets or cattle), usually those whose names are known to the speaker; animals, plants or any other entities (e.g. inanimate objects) if these are endowed with the properties of sentient beings, for example, in tales or mythological texts.
*
dependent position: used to further describe (specify) another, nominative noun, as in ŋotqɛn ŋinqɛj "this boy"
independent position: used as a substitute for the nominative noun, as in ŋotqɛn "this one, he"
demonstrative nouns
not declined when in the dependent position
always stand separate when in the nominative case:
ŋotqɛn milgɛr "this rifle" : ŋotqɛnat milgɛrti "these rifles"
ɨnqɛn milgɛr "that rifle" : ɨnqɛnat milgɛrti "those rifles"
ŋotqɛn kɛjŋɨn "this bear" : ŋotqɛnat kɛjŋɨt "these bears"
ɨnqɛn kɛjŋɨn "that bear" : ɨnqɛnat kɛjŋɨt "those bears"
ŋotqɛn ŋɛvɨsqɛt "this woman" : ŋotqɛnat ŋɛvɨsqɛtti "these women"
ɨnqɛn ŋɛvɨsqɛt "that woman" : ɨnqɛnat ŋɛvɨsqɛtti "those women"
in all the other cases, will usually be incorporated by the nominative noun (as the stem ŋutin ~ ŋotɛn, ɨnŋin ~ ɨnŋɛn)
ŋutinmilgɛrɛ "using, with this rifle", ŋutinkɛjŋɛ “(by) this bear”, ŋutinŋɛvɨsqɛtɛ “(by) this woman”
ɨnŋinmilgɛrɛ "using, with that rifle", ɨnŋinkɛjŋɛ “(by) that bear”, ɨnŋinŋɛvɨsqɛtɛ “(by) that woman”
gaŋotɛnmɛlgarma "(together) with this rifle, having this rifle", gaŋotɛnkajŋɨma “(together) with this bear”,gaŋotɛnŋavɨsqanma “(together) with this woman”
gɨnŋɛnmɛlgarma "(together) with that rifle, having that rifle", gɨnŋɛnkajŋɨma "(together) with that bear",gɨnŋɛnŋavɨsqanma “(together) with that woman”
nominative nouns that belong to the I declension usually incorporate the stem of the demonstrative noun in cases other than the nominative:
ŋutintititɛ "using, with this needle", ŋotɛnvopqata "(by) this elk"
nominative nouns that belong to the III declension usually also incorporate the stem of the demonstrative noun in cases other than the nominative:
ŋutinŋinqɛjɨk "at this boy's dwelling, in this boy's possession", ŋutinɨnpɨnachgɨk "at this old man's dwelling, in this old man’s possession"
ɨnŋɛnŋinqɛjɨk "at that boy's dwelling, in that boy's possession", ɨnŋɛnɨnpɨnachgɨk "at that old man's dwelling, in that old man’s possession"
gaŋotɛnɨnpɨnachgɨma "(together) with this old man", gaŋotɛnŋɛnqajma "(together) with this boy"
gɨnŋɛnɨnpɨnachgɨma "(together) with that old man", gɨnŋɛnŋɛnqajma "(together) with that boy"
more rarely, they may combine with a separate demonstrative noun which is declined according to the II declension model:
ŋotqɛnɨna ŋinqɛjɨk "at this boy's home, in this boy's possession", ŋotqɛnɨna ɨnpɨnachgɨk "at this old man's home, in this old man's possession"
ɨnqɛnɨna ŋinqɛjɨk "at that boy's home, in that boy's possession", ɨnqɛnɨna ɨnpɨnachgɨk "at that old man's home, in that old man's possession"
exceptions are the comitative and sociative cases, where stem incorporation is obligatory:
gɛŋutintumgɛ "(together) with this friend (jointly)", gaŋotɛntomgɨma "(together) with this friend (in his presence)"
declined when in the independent position
nominative nouns that belong to the II declension normally do not combine with demonstrative nouns, as they refer to specific persons (apart from a few extremely rare exceptions where they refer to one of several persons who share the same name)
interrogative nouns
when in the dependent position, are also incorporated by the nominative noun as the stem (rjɛ ~ rja before a consonant, rɛk ~ rak before a vowel). this is obligatory, never optional. this occurs in all cases, including the nominative:
rɛqɛvirjɛ? "with which/what clothes?" raqɨnpɨnachgɨk? "at the dwelling of, in the possession of which/what old man?" garjapojgɨma? "with which/what spear?"
rɛqinirgiŋ? "which/what blanket?" raqavɛɛn? "which/what grazing ground?" rjɛtitiŋɨ? "which/what needle?"rjajajaq? "which/what seagull?"
determinative nouns (qol, ɨmɨļo, ɨmɨļɛtɨ, chinit) may refer both to animate beings (whether human or non-human) and to inanimate objects.
qol "another, the other, one of...": only II declension
in the nominative case always stands separate, regardless of whether it is in the independent or in the dependentposition:
qol ɛnmɛch amɛchatgje another (one of them) had already disappeared (out of sight)
qol mɛmɨl chɨpjɛtgji another ring seal (one of the ring seals) dived
in the other cases, stands separate only when independent (and usually only if it refers to animate beings):
qutɨnɛ kunnin milgɛr the other (one of them) bought a rifle
when in the dependent position, stands separate in the other cases only as an exception:
qutɨnɛ a'acheka jonɛn kɨtɛp another young man (one of the young men) ran down the ram [in these cases the number is encoded only in the determinative noun]
cf.
qotɨna ŋavɨsqatɛtɨ gɛjɨtlin mɛnig (they) gave (some) fabric to another woman (one of the women)
qotɨrɨkɨ ŋavɨsqatɛtɨ gɛjɨtlin mɛnig (they) gave (some) fabric to the other women (some of the women)
as a rule, when in the dependent position, in cases other than the nominative will be incorporated by the nominative noun as the stem (quli ~ qole):
the above is true for nouns that refer both to animate beings and inanimate objects.
the incorporated stem preserves only one of the two meanings: "another, the other":
qulitititɛ ɨnpɨŋɛv nɨvaŋɛqɛn the old woman is sewing with the other/another needle
qoleqaata ɛkvɛtgji ɨtlɨgɨn father arrived on the other reindeer (pl.)
quliŋɛvɨsqɛtɛ tɛjkɨnin kjɛli the other/another woman made (sewed) the cap
quliŋɛvɨsqɛtɨrɨk nɨnvɛnŋɨqinɛt mɛmɨltɛ the other women were skinning the ring seals
ɨmɨļo "all, everybody": only II declension and only plural
never incorporated when dependent, both in the nominative case and in the other cases [differently from other determinative nouns]
ɨmɨļorɨkɨ jajvaletɨ gɛtɛjkɨlinɛt ɛvirjɨt (they) made clothes for all the orphans
chinit "-self, oneself": I declension; only 3 case forms [nom. chinit "oneself", abl. chenɛtgɨpɨ "(away) from oneself", orient.dat. chenɛtɛtɨ "toward, to, for oneself"]
chinit tɨgjekvjɛk (i) myself woke up [nom.]
ɛŋɛŋɨļɛ qɨnur chenɛtgɨpɨ ninɛchviqinɛt tɨrgɨtjulti the shaman seemed to cut pieces of flesh from (off of) himself [i.e. his own body] [abl.]
gɨm lɨmŋɛ qɨrɨm chenɛtɛtɨ mɨqaanmatɨk i will no longer slaughter reindeer for myself [orient.-dat.]
NB! there is no number distinction in the nominative case (not only the other cases)
chinit trɛlqɨtgjɛ (i) will go myself : chinit mɨtrɛlqɨtgjɛ (we) will go ourselves
NB! the same, unchanged form is used for the subject in both the nominative and the ergative structures
chinit travakjogja (i) will sit down myself [nom.] : chinit trɛtɛjkɨŋɨn (i) will make (it) myself [erg.]
most commonly combined with a noun or personal pronoun in the nominative case, which denotes the subject (agent):
ɨtlɨgɨn chinit ŋɨtogjɛ the father emerged (from the dwelling) by himself, he father himself emerged (from the dwelling)
ɨ'tvjɛt chinit atchatgjɛ the boat capsized by itself, the boat itself capsized
gɨm chinit tɨjetɨk i arrived by myself, i myself arrived
ɨtri chinit nɨmigchirɛtqinɛt they are working by themselves, they themselves are working
or with a noun or personal pronoun in the instrumental case, which denotes the subject (agent):
gɨmnan chinit tɨrɛtɨn tɛkichgɨn i brought the meat (by) myself
morgɨnan chinit mɨtļunɛt rjɛvɨt we saw the whales (by) ourselves
ŋɛvɨsqɛtɛ chinit kɨlgɛnninɛt the woman harnessed the reindeer (by) herself
ɨmɨļɛtɨ "all (of oneself), whole"
may refer to any object or being, whether human or non-human
NB!: when used as a separate word, has only one form (ɨmɨļɛtɨ), which is used both in the independent and in thedependent positions
ɨmɨļɛtɨ ŋɛlvɨl gɨntɛkvji the entire herd escaped
ɨmɨļɛtɨ ɛ'qɛrɛgji the whole (of it) has become spoiled (rotten)
in all the other cases the noun occupies the dependent position and is incorporated into the nominative noun:
ɨmɨļɨkoprajpɨ ɨnnɛɛn qɨrɨm nɨgɨntɛvɨn the fish will not escape from the entire net
ɨmɨļɨnɨmɨk ɨtrjɛch ŋirɛq lɨgɛrat pɛlätgjat only two traditional chukchi yarangas have been left in the whole village