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moonflower77combine with case and personal suffixes. may have an a) attributive or a b) predicative function.
predicative usage (number distinction available - the possessor is a human being):
ŋotqɛn qɛpɨl ŋɛɛkkɛqɛjin this ball belongs to the girl
a) attributive function
syntactic role: serve as an attribute. in cases other than the com. & soc., usually stand separate and do not agree with the noun they modify. in the com. & soc. cases are incorporated into the noun, e.g. ganpɨnachgɨrgɛnaakkata "(together) with the old men's sons" (com.), ganpɨnachgɨrgɛnakoprama "with the old men's net" (soc.)
the number of possessors (sg. vs pl.) is distinguished for nouns that refer to human beings (persons); the possessive forms of other nouns usually have no such number distinction, apart from instances of anthropomorphism/
for nouns that refer to human beings:
plural [multiple possessors]: -rgin(ɛ) ~ -rgɛn(a) (same for all noun groups)
singular [single possessor]:
plural:
gɛ-Kɛlvi-rginɛ-tumg-ɛ with Kelvi's friend or friends (com.)
gɛmikɨninɛtumgɛ? "(together) with whose friend or friends?" (com.)
ŋinqɛjin mɛrgɛtɨ "to, for the boy's grandfather or grandfathers" : ŋinqɛjɨrgin mɛrgɛtɨ "to, for the boys' grandfather or grandfathers"
the possessive form of the interrogative noun mɛŋin in the nom. case (for a single possessor) may be shortened to just the initial consonant of the suffix -nine (-n). this shortened form is the most frequently used one.
mikɨn(in) whose? [mikɨn(inɛ) for cases other than the nominative]
Jetɨļɨn(in), ɛpɛn(in), jeļon(ɛn), nirkɛn(in) richit Yetylyin's, the grandfather's, the uncle's, whats-his-name's belt
cf.
Jetɨļɨnin richitɛ using Yetylyin's belt, jeļonɛn rɛchetɛtɨ toward the uncle's belt, nirkɛnin richitɨk on whats-his-name's belt
grammatical connection between the possessive form and the noun it modifies:
1) always stands separate in NOM
* usually does not agree with the modified noun (mirgin kuprɛn "the grandfather's net", mirgin kuprɛt "the grandfather's nets")
in the nom. case, the possessive form can never be incorporated. in the com. and soc. cases, the possessive form must be incorporated, e.g. gɛŋinqɛjinɛmirgɛ (together) with the boy's grandfather, gachakɛttɛnatɛtɛm
for nouns that refer to non-human entities
one suffix: -in(ɛ) ~ -ɛn(a) (no number distinction for the possessor, except for cases of personification where a non-human entity is endowed with human-like traits)
when in the attributive role, are characterized by the same varieties of grammatical connection between the attribute and the noun it defines as the possessive forms of nouns that refer to human beings:
* (most common) stands separate, does not agree with the noun it modifies
* (very common for cases other than NOM) incorporation
* (only in COM and SOC cases) obligatory incorporation
* (even more rare than with nouns that denote human beings, usually also in NOM, LOC and INSTR) stands separate, agrees with the noun it modifies
if the noun being defined by the attribute is omitted due to ellipsis (since it is clear from the context) and the attribute stands in for it, the attribute will take the case suffix that would have otherwise belonged to this noun.
referential noun that is used to refer to non-humans nikinut: -in(ɛ) / -ɛn(a) or -nin(ɛ) / -nɛn(a) (differently from nominative nouns)
inflected more often than the possessive forms of nominative nouns due to the peculiarities of the referential noun's function (the noun that is being defined is omitted more frequently, freer dynamic of agreement between the attribute and the noun it defines)
most common (for cases other than the com. & soc.):
* other noun omitted due to ellipsis, the possessive form (attribute) takes the appropriate case suffix
* other noun not omitted, the possessive form (attribute) stands separate and agrees with it
however: the possessive forms of these nouns may refer to any entities, whether animate (including humans) or inanimate. depending on whether or not the entity in question is a human being, the possessive form will require different interrogative nouns to formulate a question:
1) for humans: mikinin? mikirgin? (the number of possessors is distinguished in the form of the interrogative noun itself)
2) for other, non-human animate entities and inanimate entities: reqin? (no such number distinction)
however, the possessive forms of determinative and demonstrative nouns themselves will always distinguish between singular and plural possessors regardless of the above (i.e. no matter whether they pertain to human beings or not, and whether the interrogative noun they require does or does not have such a number distinction)
mikɨnin qɛpɨl? whose (sg.) ball? whose (sg.) is the ball?
grammatical connections:
1) in COM and SOC: always incorporated
determinative or demonstrative nouns that refer to non-humans may denote differing types of possession depending on whether the entities they denote are animate or inanimate.
animate entities: both inalienable and alienable property.
inanimate entities: only inalienable property.
attributive usage (number distinction available - the possessor is a human being):
ŋɛɛkkɛqɛjin qɛpɨl tɨmŋɛkvjɛ the girl's ball has become lost
ŋɛɛkkɛqɛjɨrgin qɛpɨl tɨmŋɛkvjɛ the girls' ball has become lost
predicative usage (number distinction available - the possessor is a human being):
ŋotqɛn qɛpɨl ŋɛɛkkɛqɛjin this ball belongs to the girl
ŋotqɛn qɛpɨl ŋɛɛkkɛqɛjɨrgin this ball belongs to the girls
a) attributive function
syntactic role: serve as an attribute. in cases other than the com. & soc., usually stand separate and do not agree with the noun they modify. in the com. & soc. cases are incorporated into the noun, e.g. ganpɨnachgɨrgɛnaakkata "(together) with the old men's sons" (com.), ganpɨnachgɨrgɛnakoprama "with the old men's net" (soc.)
the number of possessors (sg. vs pl.) is distinguished for nouns that refer to human beings (persons); the possessive forms of other nouns usually have no such number distinction, apart from instances of anthropomorphism/
for nouns that refer to human beings:
plural [multiple possessors]: -rgin(ɛ) ~ -rgɛn(a) (same for all noun groups)
singular [single possessor]:
-nin(ɛ) ~ -nɛn(a) (for proper names, the interrogative noun mɛŋin, which refers to humans, the referential noun nirkɨŋut, certain names of close elder relatives)
-in(ɛ) ~ -ɛn(a) (for nouns that denote human beings in general)
-nin(ɛ) ~ -nɛn(a) (for nouns that denote human beings in general; much more rare than the above, not possible for all nouns belonging to this group)
singular:
gɛ-Kɛlvi-ninɛ-tumg-ɛ with Kelvi's friend or friends (com.)
gɛ-Kɛlvi-ninɛ-tumg-ɛ with Kelvi's friend or friends (com.)
ga-Tato-nɛna-mɛlgar-ma with Tato's rifle or rifles (soc.)
gɛ-ŋinqɛj-inɛ-mirg-ɛ with the boy's grandfather or grandfathers (com.)
ga-chakɛtt-ɛna-lele-ma with the sister's mittens or mitten (soc.)
plural:
gɛ-Kɛlvi-rginɛ-tumg-ɛ with Kelvi's friend or friends (com.)
ga-Tato-rgɛna-mɛlgar-ma with Tato's rifle or rifles (soc.)
gɛ-ŋinqɛj-ɨ-rginɛ-mirg-ɛ with the boy's grandfather or grandfathers (com.)
ga-chakɛtt-ɨ-rgɛna-lele-ma with the sister's mittens or mitten (soc.)
used in the full form only in the com. and soc. cases, when the possessive form is incorporated, ,i.e. when the possessive suffix is followed by another morpheme. in other situations, when the possessive form stands as a separate word, the final vowel of the suffix is dropped, so that the suffix is shortened to -nin / -nɛn, -in / -ɛn, -rgin / -rgɛn.
gɛmikɨninɛtumgɛ? "(together) with whose friend or friends?" (com.)
gɛmikɨrginɛtumgɛ? "(together) with whose (several people) friend or friends?" (com.)
gamɛkɨnɛnamɛlgarma? "with whose rifle or rifles?" (soc.)
gamɛkɨrgɛnamɛlgarma? "with whose (several people) rifle or rifles?" (soc.)
ŋinqɛjin mɛrgɛtɨ "to, for the boy's grandfather or grandfathers" : ŋinqɛjɨrgin mɛrgɛtɨ "to, for the boys' grandfather or grandfathers"
Tatonɨn milgɛrɛ "with Tato's rifle or rifles" : Tatorgɛn milgɛrɛ "with the rifle or rifles belonging to several persons named Tato"
the possessive form of the interrogative noun mɛŋin in the nom. case (for a single possessor) may be shortened to just the initial consonant of the suffix -nine (-n). this shortened form is the most frequently used one.
mikɨn(in) whose? [mikɨn(inɛ) for cases other than the nominative]
mikɨn(in) tomgɛtɨ (tomgɨrɨkɨ)? to, for whose friend or friends? [friend(s) of a single person]
mikɨn(in) milgɛrɛ? using whose rifle or rifles? [rifle(s) belonging to a single person]
mikɨrgin tomgɛtɨ (tomgɨrɨkɨ)? to, for whose friend or friends? [friend(s) of several persons]
mikɨrgin milgɛrɛ? using whose rifle or rifles? [rifle(s) belonging to several persons]
the singular form [suffix -nin(ɛ) ~ nɛn(a)] for all the special groups of nouns described above (proper names, the referential noun nirkɨŋut, certain names of close elder relatives) can also be full or shortened to just the initial consonant of the suffix, -n, as with possessives derived from the interrogative noun. the shortened form can only be used in the nom. case; in the other cases, only the full form can be used.
Jetɨļɨn(in), ɛpɛn(in), jeļon(ɛn), nirkɛn(in) richit Yetylyin's, the grandfather's, the uncle's, whats-his-name's belt
cf.
Jetɨļɨnin richitɛ using Yetylyin's belt, jeļonɛn rɛchetɛtɨ toward the uncle's belt, nirkɛnin richitɨk on whats-his-name's belt
grammatical connection between the possessive form and the noun it modifies:
1) always stands separate in NOM
* usually does not agree with the modified noun (mirgin kuprɛn "the grandfather's net", mirgin kuprɛt "the grandfather's nets")
* somewhat more rarely, will agree with the modified noun (mirgin kuprɛn "the grandfather's net", mirginɛt kuprɛt "the grandfather's nets")
2) always incorporated in COM and SOC
3) other cases:
* (most common) stands separate, does not agree [= equal emphasis on the possession itself and the possessor, or the fact of its being possessed by sb./sth. else] (mirgin kuprɛtɛ "using the grandfather's net", mirgin koprajpɨ "from the grandfather's net", mirgin kopragtɨ "toward the grandfather's net")
3) other cases:
* (most common) stands separate, does not agree [= equal emphasis on the possession itself and the possessor, or the fact of its being possessed by sb./sth. else] (mirgin kuprɛtɛ "using the grandfather's net", mirgin koprajpɨ "from the grandfather's net", mirgin kopragtɨ "toward the grandfather's net")
* (more rare) incorporated [= special emphasis on the possession] (mirginɛkuprɛtɛ "
* (extremely rare) stands separate, agrees [= special emphasis on the possessor or the fact of the object in question being possessed by sb./sth. else] (mirginɛtɛ kupr
in the nom. case, the possessive form can never be incorporated. in the com. and soc. cases, the possessive form must be incorporated, e.g. gɛŋinqɛjinɛmirgɛ (together) with the boy's grandfather, gachakɛttɛnatɛtɛm
for nouns that refer to non-human entities
one suffix: -in(ɛ) ~ -ɛn(a) (no number distinction for the possessor, except for cases of personification where a non-human entity is endowed with human-like traits)
when in the attributive role, are characterized by the same varieties of grammatical connection between the attribute and the noun it defines as the possessive forms of nouns that refer to human beings:
* (most common) stands separate, does not agree with the noun it modifies
* (very common for cases other than NOM) incorporation
* (only in COM and SOC cases) obligatory incorporation
* (even more rare than with nouns that denote human beings, usually also in NOM, LOC and INSTR) stands separate, agrees with the noun it modifies
if the noun being defined by the attribute is omitted due to ellipsis (since it is clear from the context) and the attribute stands in for it, the attribute will take the case suffix that would have otherwise belonged to this noun.
referential noun that is used to refer to non-humans nikinut: -in(ɛ) / -ɛn(a) or -nin(ɛ) / -nɛn(a) (differently from nominative nouns)
rɛqin vinɨ? whose print (is it)?
nikin, nikɛnin vinɨ the print of whats-its-name
rɛqin(ɛt) rɨtlɨt? whose branches (are they)?
nikin(ɛt), nikɛnin(ɛt) rɨtlɨt the branches of whats-its-name (whats-their-name)
inflected more often than the possessive forms of nominative nouns due to the peculiarities of the referential noun's function (the noun that is being defined is omitted more frequently, freer dynamic of agreement between the attribute and the noun it defines)
most common (for cases other than the com. & soc.):
* other noun omitted due to ellipsis, the possessive form (attribute) takes the appropriate case suffix
* other noun not omitted, the possessive form (attribute) stands separate and agrees with it
* incorporated in the com. and soc. cases
the possessive forms may be used to refer to different types of possession, depending on whether the noun it was formed from denotes an animate being or an inanimate object:
the possessive forms may be used to refer to different types of possession, depending on whether the noun it was formed from denotes an animate being or an inanimate object:
- animate nouns: both inalienable and alienable possession
- inanimate nouns: only inalienable possession (relational forms are used for alienable possession)
depending on the meaning of the other noun, the possessive form (which will have been formed from an inanimate noun) may denote either the greater whole that the object in question is part of, or the material it is made of.
determinative and demonstrative nouns:
-nin(ɛ) ~ -nɛn(a) [the number of possessors is distinguished]
- inanimate nouns: only inalienable possession (relational forms are used for alienable possession)
depending on the meaning of the other noun, the possessive form (which will have been formed from an inanimate noun) may denote either the greater whole that the object in question is part of, or the material it is made of.
determinative and demonstrative nouns:
-nin(ɛ) ~ -nɛn(a) [the number of possessors is distinguished]
however: the possessive forms of these nouns may refer to any entities, whether animate (including humans) or inanimate. depending on whether or not the entity in question is a human being, the possessive form will require different interrogative nouns to formulate a question:
1) for humans: mikinin? mikirgin? (the number of possessors is distinguished in the form of the interrogative noun itself)
2) for other, non-human animate entities and inanimate entities: reqin? (no such number distinction)
however, the possessive forms of determinative and demonstrative nouns themselves will always distinguish between singular and plural possessors regardless of the above (i.e. no matter whether they pertain to human beings or not, and whether the interrogative noun they require does or does not have such a number distinction)
mikɨnin qɛpɨl? whose (sg.) ball? whose (sg.) is the ball?
ŋotqɛnɨnɛn (it is) this one's, ɨnqɛnɨnɛn (it is) that one's, qutɨnin (it is) the other one's
mikɨrgin qɛpɨl? whose (pl.) ball? whose (pl.) is the ball?
ŋotqɛnɨrgɛn (it is) these ones', ɨnqɛnɨrgɛn (it is) those ones', qutɨrgin (it is) the others', ɨmɨļorgɛn (it is) everyone's
rɛqin vinɨ? whose (sg. or pl.) print? whose (sg. or pl.) is the print?
ŋotqɛnɨnɛn (it is) this one's, ɨnqɛnɨnɛn (it is) that one's, qutɨnin (it is) the other one's
ŋotqɛnɨrgɛn (it is) these ones', ɨnqɛnɨrgɛn (it is) those ones', qutɨrgin (it is) the others', ɨmɨļorgɛn (it is) everyone's
grammatical connections:
1) in COM and SOC: always incorporated
2) in other cases:
* (most common) stands alone, does not agree with the other noun [= default, unmarked type of connection, equal emphasis on both components, no special stress on either]
* (far more rare; in cases other than NOM) incorporation [= emphasis on the possession itself]
* (far more rare; usually in NOM [agreement with regard to number], much more rare in LOC and INSTR, exceptionally rare in other cases, apart from isolated examples) stands alone, agrees with the other noun [= emphasis on the property of the possession, i.e. the fact that the entity in question is a part of, or the property of another entity]
in the nom. case the possessive form can never be incorporated. in the com. and soc. cases, the possessive forms must be incorporated at all times. they can only stand separate, and take the corresponding case circumfix, if the other noun has been omitted due to ellipsis and the attribute (possessive form) serves as a replacement.
as a rule, in cases other than the nom., the possessive forms of det. and dem. nouns are encountered as separate words in the same situation - when the other noun has been omitted and the possessive form is used as a replacement (rather than being used in combination with the other noun and agreeing with it).
in the nom. case, the possessive forms of determinative or demonstrative nouns (for a single possessor) can be full or shortened, with the possessive suffix reduced to its initial consonant -n: ŋotqɛnɨn(ɛn) qoraŋɨ "this one's reindeer", ɨnqɛnɨn(ɛn) migchir "that one's job". the shorter form is used more frequently.
determinative or demonstrative nouns that refer to non-humans may denote differing types of possession depending on whether the entities they denote are animate or inanimate.
animate entities: both inalienable and alienable property.
inanimate entities: only inalienable property.