moonflower77

zero singulative ending, the stem ends in -l: + -? (added directly to the stem)

ach'al: ach'al? (small hand-basket made of birch bark)

amŋɛl: amŋɛl? (folktale, fairy-tale)

paXɛl: paXɛl? (cap)

lot'il: lot'il? (elbow)

ɸtorɛl: ɸtorɛl? (rib)

tnakol: tnakol? (tree stump, the thickest part of a trunk)

mumk'əl: mumk'əl? ("klyap", a type of lock)

chaqol: chaqol? (head of an animal)

ɸiɸsəl: ɸiɸsəl? (flute, reed-pipe)

spəl: spəl? (wind)

the same rule applies to derivatives formed using suffixes that end in -l, such as -sk'ɛl or -t'il:

qoɸsk'ɛl: qoɸsk'ɛl? (parka, pej.)

quwask'ɛl: quwask'ɛl? (pants, pej.)

kuɬxt'il: kuɬxt'il? (animal skin)

ɬximt'il: ɬximt'il? (sable skin)

four exceptions whose stems do not end in -l:

loŋ: lūl? (eye)

ɛlwɛlɛŋ: il? (ear)

ɸaɬch: ɸal? (knife)

lɛlɛŋ: lil? (mitten)

zero singulative ending (except stems that end in -l), singulative endings -lŋin, -miŋ, -m, -n, -ŋ, -ch: + -?n (replaces the singulative ending)

kist: kistɛ?n (house, building)

a?asx: a?asxa?n (nest)

ansx: ansxa?n (piece)

ipɬx: pɬxa?n (friend)

iXɬX: iXɬXa?n (man)

mimsx: mimsxɛ?n (woman)

sɛmsɛs: sɛmsɛzɛ?n (son-in-law)

jajpəlŋin: jajpə?n (hoof)

kɬimɛlŋin: kɬimɛ?n (kidney)

paralŋin: para?n (pole, post, pillar)

sasqmiŋ: sasqa?n ("alyk", dog harness)

txtūm: txtū?n ("bat", boat or canoe made from a hollowed-out tree trunk)

k'ɛɬchum: k'ɛɬchu?n (mosquito)

kɛɬxɛn: kɛɬxɛ?n (foreland, promontory)

kāmlon: kamlo?n (grandchild)

pnawɛn: pnawɛ?n (whetstone)

sxliŋ: sxli?n (sleigh runner)

qtXaŋ: qtXi?n (leg)

qitkinɛŋ: qitkinɛ?n (brother)

ɸawɛŋ: ɸawɛ?n (jaw)

xk'ich: xk'i?n (arm)

wach: wa?n (stone, rock)

ŋich: ŋi?n (wife)

ɸɬich: ɸɬi?n (loach)

xɛwlich: xɛwli?n (head of a fish)

slɛch: slɛ?n (eagle)

kukɛch: kukɛ?n (cauldron, cooking pot)

the same rule applies to derivatives formed using suffixes that require the singulative endings -n, -ŋ, -m, such as -la(n), -nɛ(ŋ) ~ -nō(ŋ), -no(m) ~ -nu(m), -joɬxɛ(n):

nonom: nono?n (grazing ground, pasture)

sxolwanom: sxolwano?n (small knot)

rosxnom: rosxno?n (spawning place)

rɛwlan: rɛwla?n (falcon)

nanqalan: nanqala?n (glutton)

samzatlan: samzatla?n (an inhabitant of Tigil, native name Samzat)

asasjoɬxɛn: asasjoɬxɛ?n (spittoon)

ijoɬxɛn: ijoɬxɛ?n (bucket)

ɛmɛnɛŋ: ɛmɛnɛ?n (stair, step)

tɛjmɛnɛŋ: tɛjmɛnɛ?n (oar)

osxpɬɛnɛŋ: osxpɬɛnɛ?n ("ostol", a stick used to stop or anchor a sleigh)

the plural of derivatives with a reduplicated stem that ends in -m is also formed using the same plural marker:

k'imk'im: k'mi?n (hair)

ɬximɬxim: ɬxmi?n (sable)

chamcham: chamɛ?n (gills - of one fish vs. of several fishes)

ximɣim: xmi?n (worm)

ləmləm: lmə?n (moss - the plural refers to several species of moss or several shreds of moss belonging to the same species)

am?am: am?amɛ?n (a deep place)

om?om (warmth, a warm place) appears to have no plural

in reduplicates formed according to the koryak model the final -m may be treated as a grammatical element, i.e. as a singulative ending to be is replaced by the plural ending:

t'it'im: t'i?n (smoke)

ch'ɛch'ɛm: ch'ɛ?n (basket/purple willow shrubbery)

in a number of isolated cases, the final -m, -n, -ch belongs to the stem of a word that has a zero singulative ending, and do not constitute endings in themselves. they are retained and the plural marker is added to them:

mɛm: mɛmɛ?n (hut, shack, shed)

ktam: ktamɛ?n (bait)

lqlam: lqlamɛ?n (fairy-spuds, virginia spring beauty)

mɬim: mɬimɛ?n (blood)

rɛtɛm: rɛtɛmɛ?n (suede, smoke-treated skin)

mɛɬɛn: mɛɬɛnɛ?n (club, bludgeon)

non: nono?n (beak, bill)

qamzan: qamzanɛ?n (husband)

kich: kichɛ?n (ladder, staircase)

kchɛch: kchɛchɛ?n (forehead)

kimk'ch: kimk'chɛ?n (chin)

k'zixch: k'zixchɛ?n (scruff of the neck)