chukchi adverbs, continued
Dec. 27th, 2012 12:42 am![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
moonflower77NB! regarding the suffixes -(ɨ)ŋ, -kɨ(ŋ), -ɨ(ŋ) which have originated from the most archaic case suffix and are going to be discussed below. they are not to be confused with the homonymous suffix used to form the comparative degree of adverbs, which has a completely different function.
adverbs of manner:
most are affixal, the rest are not. the majority can be traced back to V-class stems and are structurally identical to certain non-finite verb forms:
i) adverbial participles formed using the suffix -(t)ɛ ~ -(t)a [also omonymous to the instrumental case suffix]:
kɛlitɛ in writing [kɛlik to write]
chejvɛ on foot [chejvɨk to walk]
vɛtchata while standing up, in a standing position [vɛtchak to stand up]
i'rɛmjetɛ by means of galloping, vaunting [i'rɛmjetɨk to gallop, vaunt (along)]
vɨjentɛtɛ clean, throughout, (right) through [vɨjentɛtɨk to pierce, perforate]
rɨtɛnma approximately [rɨtɛnmɨk to gauge, measure]
vɨjitvɛ silently [vɨjitvɨk to fall silent, to fall quiet]
anŋɛnajpa angrily, indignantly [anŋɛnajpɨk to be angry, indignant]
kɨläva by means of trotting, cantering [kɨlävɨk to jog, trot, canter]
ii) adverbial participles formed using the suffix -ɛtɨ [also omonymous to the orientative-dative case suffix]:
valömɛtɨ understandably, comprehensibly [valömɨk to understand, comprehend]
qɨchatɛtɨ insufficiently, not enough [qɨchatɨk to be lacking, insufficient]
a'a'tɛtɨ insultingly, offensively [ɛ'ɛ'tɨk to take offense, to be insulted]
rachvɨŋɛtɨ in an attempt to outrace one another [rachvɨŋɨk to race, to compete in running]
rɨrɨngɛɛvɛtɨ toward [rɨrɨngiivɨk to greet, meet]
iii) negative verb form:
ɛtɛgjeŋkɛ reluctantly, unwillingly [tɛgjeŋɨk to want, desire]
aŋjoka prosperously, in prosperity, in a well-off, wealthy manner, lit. without poverty [ŋjok to be destitute, to live in poverty]
ɛnvilkɛ ceaselessly, without stopping [nɨvilɨk to stop, cease]
avalömka incomprehensibly [valömɨk to understand, comprehend]
iv) special group: adverbs formed using the suffix -kɨ [derived from the archaic suffix -kɨŋ, -kɨ]:
vɛtläkɨ to rise, bristle [vɛtläk to rear up]
rajvalävkɨ in the direction of the wind [rajvalävɨk to move in the same direction as that of the wind]
-> weak to strong vowels
romakavkɨ jointly, together [rumɛkɛvɨk to join, unite]
ɛ'mpakɨ with a slant, down the slope, downhill; along a slanted trajectory, with a downward pitch [i'mpɨk to bend, bow, lean, slope]
pjoltakɨ askance, askew, awry [pjultɨk to turn a corner, to turn to the side]
adverbs of manner that are traceable to N-class stems are also widespread, though not quite as much as the former group.
i) structurally identical to the negative noun form:
a) can be traced back to noun stems:
ɛkɛɛkɛ smoothly [kɛɛt hillocks, knolls, packs or jams of ice]
ɛqulikɛ silently, lit. voicelessly [quliqul voice]
ɛvjikɛ without breathing [vɨjin expelled breath]
b) can be traced back to the stems of state attributives:
akorgɨka mirthlessly, joylessly [nɨkorgɨqɛn (is) joyful, mirthful]
utgɨkɛ with difficulty, lit. not easily, not lightly [nutgɨqin (is) light, easy]
alɨmalka suspiciously, lit. not trustingly [nɨlɨmalqɛn (is) trusting, gullible]
c) can be traced back to stems that are shared both by a noun and a state attributive:
ɛcherikɛ cleanly, lit. not dirtily [chericher dirt, nɨcheriqin (is) dirty]
anŋɛnaka in a good-natured manner, lit. not angrily [anŋɛn anger, spite, nanŋɛnaqɛn (is) angry, spiteful]
ii) structurally identical to the instrumental case form, can be traced back to the stem of either a noun or a state attributive (comparatively rare):
achgɨta close, near, nearby, by, beside [achgɨt row]
vinvɛ secretly, in secret [nɨvinvɨqin (is) secret]
vɨltɛ thickly [nɨvɨltɨqin thick]
kɨtgɨnta by means of running [nɨkɨtgɨntɨqɛn inclined to run away]
iii) structurally identical to the designative case form, can be traced back to the stem of either a noun or a state attributive (separate instances)]:
ɛchvɛragɨrgo well, fine, safely, successfully [ɛchvɛragɨrgɨn well-being, welfare]
qrjaqo persistently, tenaciously, in an unwearying manner [nɨqrjaqɛn (is) persistent, persevering, tenacious]
some adverbs of manner can be traced back to stems that are common both to an N-class word (noun) and a V-class word (verb), and are structurally identical to the negative noun form:
algaŋɛka unerringly, accurately, correctly [lɨgaŋɛn error, mistake, lɨgaŋɛk to err, to make mistakes]
inɛvɛtkɛ accurately, right at the target lit. without missing [inɛvɛt miss, blunder, failure, inɛvɛtɨk to overshoot, miss (a target), to fail, to make a blunder]
target), to make a blunder]
amŋɨlöka without asking (first), without permission [pɨnlön question, pɨnlök to ask (a question)]
special group: adverbs formed using the suffix -kɨ [derived from the archaic suffix -kɨŋ, -kɨ] which can be traced back to stems that are common to a verb, a noun and a state attributive:
-> weak to strong vowels
gɛchevkɨ in a funny, amusing manner [gichivɨk to amuse oneself, to have fun, gichiv amusement, leisure pastime, nɨgichivqin (is) amusing, funny]
gɨjevkɨ in a known manner; (it is) known [gɨjivɨk to find out, to recognize, gɨjiv sign (that which helps one recognize something), nɨgjivqin (is) knowledgeable, possessing knowledge]
volvakɨ across, crosswise, breadthwise [vulvɨk to stand in the middle of the road, to block the way, vulvɨn crossbar, crosspiece, nɨvulvɨqin (situated, placed) across, crosswise]
separate group: adverbs formed using the suffix -ɨ [derived from the archaic suffix -ɨŋ, -ɨ <- -kɨŋ, -kɨ] which can be traced back to stems that are common to a verb, a noun and a state attributive:
-> weak to strong vowels
kovlökɨ in a round, spherical manner [kuvlükɨk to surround, to encircle, kuvlük circle, nɨkuvlüqin (is) round, spherical]
ɛ'qopɨ steeply, upright, straight up [i'qupɨk to climb a steep slope, to move along an upright surface, i'qup a steep slope, steepness, njiqupqin (is) steep, upright]
special group of affixal adverbs (largely consists of adverbs of manner) formed using the suffix -(ɨ)ŋ. lexically, can also be traced back to the root morphemes that are found within the derived stems of other parts of speech. however, when it comes to structure, they have no parallels among existing contemporary grammatical forms.
arkɨchɨ in a sloping way [arkɨchatɨk to lean on one side]
adverbs of manner:
most are affixal, the rest are not. the majority can be traced back to V-class stems and are structurally identical to certain non-finite verb forms:
i) adverbial participles formed using the suffix -(t)ɛ ~ -(t)a [also omonymous to the instrumental case suffix]:
kɛlitɛ in writing [kɛlik to write]
chejvɛ on foot [chejvɨk to walk]
vɛtchata while standing up, in a standing position [vɛtchak to stand up]
i'rɛmjetɛ by means of galloping, vaunting [i'rɛmjetɨk to gallop, vaunt (along)]
vɨjentɛtɛ clean, throughout, (right) through [vɨjentɛtɨk to pierce, perforate]
rɨtɛnma approximately [rɨtɛnmɨk to gauge, measure]
vɨjitvɛ silently [vɨjitvɨk to fall silent, to fall quiet]
anŋɛnajpa angrily, indignantly [anŋɛnajpɨk to be angry, indignant]
kɨläva by means of trotting, cantering [kɨlävɨk to jog, trot, canter]
ii) adverbial participles formed using the suffix -ɛtɨ [also omonymous to the orientative-dative case suffix]:
valömɛtɨ understandably, comprehensibly [valömɨk to understand, comprehend]
qɨchatɛtɨ insufficiently, not enough [qɨchatɨk to be lacking, insufficient]
a'a'tɛtɨ insultingly, offensively [ɛ'ɛ'tɨk to take offense, to be insulted]
rachvɨŋɛtɨ in an attempt to outrace one another [rachvɨŋɨk to race, to compete in running]
rɨrɨngɛɛvɛtɨ toward [rɨrɨngiivɨk to greet, meet]
iii) negative verb form:
ɛtɛgjeŋkɛ reluctantly, unwillingly [tɛgjeŋɨk to want, desire]
aŋjoka prosperously, in prosperity, in a well-off, wealthy manner, lit. without poverty [ŋjok to be destitute, to live in poverty]
ɛnvilkɛ ceaselessly, without stopping [nɨvilɨk to stop, cease]
avalömka incomprehensibly [valömɨk to understand, comprehend]
iv) special group: adverbs formed using the suffix -kɨ [derived from the archaic suffix -kɨŋ, -kɨ]:
vɛtläkɨ to rise, bristle [vɛtläk to rear up]
rajvalävkɨ in the direction of the wind [rajvalävɨk to move in the same direction as that of the wind]
-> weak to strong vowels
romakavkɨ jointly, together [rumɛkɛvɨk to join, unite]
ɛ'mpakɨ with a slant, down the slope, downhill; along a slanted trajectory, with a downward pitch [i'mpɨk to bend, bow, lean, slope]
pjoltakɨ askance, askew, awry [pjultɨk to turn a corner, to turn to the side]
adverbs of manner that are traceable to N-class stems are also widespread, though not quite as much as the former group.
i) structurally identical to the negative noun form:
a) can be traced back to noun stems:
ɛkɛɛkɛ smoothly [kɛɛt hillocks, knolls, packs or jams of ice]
ɛqulikɛ silently, lit. voicelessly [quliqul voice]
ɛvjikɛ without breathing [vɨjin expelled breath]
b) can be traced back to the stems of state attributives:
akorgɨka mirthlessly, joylessly [nɨkorgɨqɛn (is) joyful, mirthful]
utgɨkɛ with difficulty, lit. not easily, not lightly [nutgɨqin (is) light, easy]
alɨmalka suspiciously, lit. not trustingly [nɨlɨmalqɛn (is) trusting, gullible]
c) can be traced back to stems that are shared both by a noun and a state attributive:
ɛcherikɛ cleanly, lit. not dirtily [chericher dirt, nɨcheriqin (is) dirty]
anŋɛnaka in a good-natured manner, lit. not angrily [anŋɛn anger, spite, nanŋɛnaqɛn (is) angry, spiteful]
ii) structurally identical to the instrumental case form, can be traced back to the stem of either a noun or a state attributive (comparatively rare):
achgɨta close, near, nearby, by, beside [achgɨt row]
vinvɛ secretly, in secret [nɨvinvɨqin (is) secret]
vɨltɛ thickly [nɨvɨltɨqin thick]
kɨtgɨnta by means of running [nɨkɨtgɨntɨqɛn inclined to run away]
iii) structurally identical to the designative case form, can be traced back to the stem of either a noun or a state attributive (separate instances)]:
ɛchvɛragɨrgo well, fine, safely, successfully [ɛchvɛragɨrgɨn well-being, welfare]
qrjaqo persistently, tenaciously, in an unwearying manner [nɨqrjaqɛn (is) persistent, persevering, tenacious]
some adverbs of manner can be traced back to stems that are common both to an N-class word (noun) and a V-class word (verb), and are structurally identical to the negative noun form:
algaŋɛka unerringly, accurately, correctly [lɨgaŋɛn error, mistake, lɨgaŋɛk to err, to make mistakes]
inɛvɛtkɛ accurately, right at the target lit. without missing [inɛvɛt miss, blunder, failure, inɛvɛtɨk to overshoot, miss (a target), to fail, to make a blunder]
target), to make a blunder]
amŋɨlöka without asking (first), without permission [pɨnlön question, pɨnlök to ask (a question)]
special group: adverbs formed using the suffix -kɨ [derived from the archaic suffix -kɨŋ, -kɨ] which can be traced back to stems that are common to a verb, a noun and a state attributive:
-> weak to strong vowels
gɛchevkɨ in a funny, amusing manner [gichivɨk to amuse oneself, to have fun, gichiv amusement, leisure pastime, nɨgichivqin (is) amusing, funny]
gɨjevkɨ in a known manner; (it is) known [gɨjivɨk to find out, to recognize, gɨjiv sign (that which helps one recognize something), nɨgjivqin (is) knowledgeable, possessing knowledge]
volvakɨ across, crosswise, breadthwise [vulvɨk to stand in the middle of the road, to block the way, vulvɨn crossbar, crosspiece, nɨvulvɨqin (situated, placed) across, crosswise]
separate group: adverbs formed using the suffix -ɨ [derived from the archaic suffix -ɨŋ, -ɨ <- -kɨŋ, -kɨ] which can be traced back to stems that are common to a verb, a noun and a state attributive:
-> weak to strong vowels
kovlökɨ in a round, spherical manner [kuvlükɨk to surround, to encircle, kuvlük circle, nɨkuvlüqin (is) round, spherical]
ɛ'qopɨ steeply, upright, straight up [i'qupɨk to climb a steep slope, to move along an upright surface, i'qup a steep slope, steepness, njiqupqin (is) steep, upright]
non-affixal adverbs:
i) derived from other parts of speech, usually from nouns or verbs, through dropping their grammatical markers (comparatively small group)
ɨlö by day, during the daytime [ɨlön day]
i) derived from other parts of speech, usually from nouns or verbs, through dropping their grammatical markers (comparatively small group)
ɨlö by day, during the daytime [ɨlön day]
gɨrgol above, at the top [gɨrgolen top]
jɛnkɨ below, at the bottom, at the foot [jɛnkɨn bottom, foot]
janot at first, in the beginning [janotɨk to overtake, to outrun]
rɨmagtɨ then, later, afterward [rɨmagtɨk to cross, to traverse]
tɨle slowly, gradually, little by little [tɨlek to move (on), to go]
ii) no connection to other parts of speech can be traced, at least, not any longer (more numerous)
chit at first, in the beginning
ii) no connection to other parts of speech can be traced, at least, not any longer (more numerous)
chit at first, in the beginning
viin for now, for the time being, still, yet
ɛnmɛch already
igɨr today
lüur suddenly, all of a sudden
pɛtle soon, shortly (after)
qɨmɛk almost, nearly
ɛ'vɨch often, frequently
special group of affixal adverbs (consists of certain adverbs of manner and causal adverbs). structure-wise, have direct parallels to other parts of speech; lexically, can be traced back to the root morphemes that are found within the derived stems of these parts of speech.
ilkɛ blindly, lit. with one's eyes shut/closed
special group of affixal adverbs (consists of certain adverbs of manner and causal adverbs). structure-wise, have direct parallels to other parts of speech; lexically, can be traced back to the root morphemes that are found within the derived stems of these parts of speech.
ilkɛ blindly, lit. with one's eyes shut/closed
ilkɨkɛ with one's eyes open, lit. sightedly, in a sighted manner, with one's eyes not shut/closed
ɛmilkɛ due to, because of blindness/being blind
[ilkɛvɨk to go blind, ilkɨmjetɨk to shut/close one's eyes]
special group of affixal adverbs (largely consists of adverbs of manner) formed using the suffix -(ɨ)ŋ. lexically, can also be traced back to the root morphemes that are found within the derived stems of other parts of speech. however, when it comes to structure, they have no parallels among existing contemporary grammatical forms.
arkɨchɨ in a sloping way [arkɨchatɨk to lean on one side]
o'raŋ openly, honestly, in plain sight [u'rɛvɨk to appear, to emerge]
alvaŋ differently, another way [ɛlvɛļin different, other]
complex adverbs:
most are circumstantial.
can be divided into several structural groups:
i) consist of two adverbial components that form a complex idiomatic unit:
ɨnrɛchɨmche near, nearby, in the vicinity, around, about, somewhere close [chɨmche near, nearby, close, ɨnragtɨ slowly, not enough, insufficiently]
chitɛvɨn fortunately, luckily [chit before, earlier, in the beginning, ɛvɨn already]
lɨmɨnkɨ everywhere, all over the place [ɨnkɨ there, lɨm in addition, additionally, besides]
a'tavɨnŋɛ(n) inadvertently, unwittingly, unintentionally [a'tav in vain, vainly, pointlessly, uselessly, ɨnŋin thus, so, this way, that way]
ii) consist of an adverbial component and a root morpheme that can also be found within the derived stem of another part of speech:
pɨtqɨlɨm a little (bit) more, somewhat more [lɨm in addition, additionally, besides, pɨtqɛtɨk to repeat]
tɨmŋɛmɛŋqo from anywhere, from wherever [mɛŋqo? where from? tɨmŋɛtvak to be idle, to do nothing]
iii) consist of an adverbial component and an auxilary word, such as a conjunction, particle or postposition:
jepɛchgi yet, still (emph.) [jep (not) yet, still not, ɛchgi as soon as]
complex adverbs usually have two components that are lexically significant, but sometimes there are more. cf. tɛŋgɛmgɛmiŋkɨri "in every way possible, in many different ways" and gɛmgɛmiŋkɨri "any/whatever way one likes, any/whatever way possible" [tɛŋ- is a morpheme that means "precisely, exactly, just", gɛmgɛ- is a morpheme that means "any; every, each").
complex adverbs also include the adverbs whose affixal morpheme has as much semantic significance, i.e. is as saturated with meaning, as their root morpheme.
particles are extremely rare. if one is used, it will, as a rule, be negative:
ɛtlɨ titɛ never (cf. titɛ? when? ɛtlɨ no, not)
adverbs in chukchi were formed over three distinct periods. 1) non-affixal adverbs, apart from the ones that were formed through the loss of affixes (i.e. primal adverbs). 2) adverbs formed using the suffixes -(ɨ)ŋ and -kɨ(ŋ), that is, the earliest, most primal affixes that appeared language. 3) adverbs that are comparable, structurally and lexically, to other contemporary parts of speech.
it is not always easy to determine whether an adverb has been derived from (or can be considered parallel to) a noun or a verb stem. this is due to the fact that chukchi has widespread omonymy between noun and verb stems (cf. kuprɛn net and kuprɛk to catch (sb., sth.) using a net) and the grammatical forms of both nouns and verbs (cf. ɛtitikɛ without a needle, titiŋɨ needle, and ɛpirikɛ to not take, pirik to take). for example, an adverb such as ɛchimgjukɛ "thoughtlessly" could be seen as derived either from the noun chimgjun "thought, idea" or from the verb chimgjuk "to think, to reflect, to ponder".
the same omonymy sometimes makes it difficult to distinguish between adverbs and certain non-finite forms of verbs. it is usually possible to tell them apart only within a particular context:
ɛmqɨnvulqɨtvik ɨnpɨnachgɨn ɛch
rɛmkɨļɨn ɛnvilkɛ nɨtaaqoqɛn the guest was smoking ceaselessly [ɛnvilkɛ "without stopping, ceaselessly", adverb]
ɨnpɨnachgɨn vakjota nɨlɨmŋɨltɛlqɛn the old man told tales while sitting down [vakjota "while sitting down, in a sitting position", adverb]
however, the lack of morphological distinction between these grammatical forms is hardly reason enough to consider them a single class of "adverbials - adverbial participles". there is a considerable number of verbs, derived from nouns or attributives, whose non-finite forms are clearly different from adverbs that are identical to them structure-wise and have been derived from the same noun or attributive stems, e.g. ɛqulikɛ silently [quliqul voice] and ɛquliļɛtkɛ to not shout/scream [quliļɛtɨk to shout, scream], ɛmcheŋɨttɛ with fright [nɨcheŋɨttɨqin (is) easily frightened) and ɛmcheŋɨttɛtɛ because of becoming frightened [cheŋɨttɛtɨk to become frightened]. this is further proof that these forms are merely omonymous and their meaning is entirely different.
complex adverbs:
most are circumstantial.
can be divided into several structural groups:
i) consist of two adverbial components that form a complex idiomatic unit:
ɨnrɛchɨmche near, nearby, in the vicinity, around, about, somewhere close [chɨmche near, nearby, close, ɨnragtɨ slowly, not enough, insufficiently]
chitɛvɨn fortunately, luckily [chit before, earlier, in the beginning, ɛvɨn already]
lɨmɨnkɨ everywhere, all over the place [ɨnkɨ there, lɨm in addition, additionally, besides]
a'tavɨnŋɛ(n) inadvertently, unwittingly, unintentionally [a'tav in vain, vainly, pointlessly, uselessly, ɨnŋin thus, so, this way, that way]
ii) consist of an adverbial component and a root morpheme that can also be found within the derived stem of another part of speech:
pɨtqɨlɨm a little (bit) more, somewhat more [lɨm in addition, additionally, besides, pɨtqɛtɨk to repeat]
tɨmŋɛmɛŋqo from anywhere, from wherever [mɛŋqo? where from? tɨmŋɛtvak to be idle, to do nothing]
o'ptɨtjar a few, several [tjɛr? how many? o'ptavɨk to attach, to join (sth. to sth.), to add]
iii) consist of an adverbial component and an auxilary word, such as a conjunction, particle or postposition:
jepɛchgi yet, still (emph.) [jep (not) yet, still not, ɛchgi as soon as]
vajɨŋkɨ (over) there (of a visible object) [vaj here (while pointing at sth. or handing sth. over), ɨnkɨ there]
rajɨŋkɨ (over) there (of an invisible object) [raj there (while pointing at sth. in the distance), ɨnkɨ there]
ŋotɨŋqach here (further away, behind the speaker) [ŋutku here, qacha beside, by, close (to), next (to), near, nearby]
complex adverbs usually have two components that are lexically significant, but sometimes there are more. cf. tɛŋgɛmgɛmiŋkɨri "in every way possible, in many different ways" and gɛmgɛmiŋkɨri "any/whatever way one likes, any/whatever way possible" [tɛŋ- is a morpheme that means "precisely, exactly, just", gɛmgɛ- is a morpheme that means "any; every, each").
complex adverbs also include the adverbs whose affixal morpheme has as much semantic significance, i.e. is as saturated with meaning, as their root morpheme.
kɨtqonacha periodically, sporadically, from time to time; sometimes, occasionally, on occasion [cf. qunɛche once, one time, kɨt- affixal morpheme that means "completely, entirely, utterly, fully, altogether", as in kɨttɨmlä "extremely tightly, extremely closely", from tɨmlä "very tightly, very closely"]
tɛŋvɨtku at once, this (very) moment, instantly, immediately [cf. vɨtku just now, a moment ago, tɛŋ- ~ taŋ- affixal morpheme that means "exactly, precisely, just", as in tɛŋɨnŋin "exactly like this, exactly this way", from ɨnŋin "like this, this way"]
o'ralvagtɨ the opposite way, the other way (round), against, contrary (to sb./sth.) [cf. alvagtɨ in the wrong direction, not where required, u'rɛ- ~ o'ra- affixal morpheme that means "back, backwards, in the reverse direction, returning to where one came from", as in u'rɛŋunri "there, back to where one has come from"]
chikinjɛ in the small hours, in the hours just before daybreak [cf. injɛ in the morning, chik- ~ chek- affixal morpheme that means "not quite, not entirely, not fully", as in chekɨjaa "not so far (away)", from ɨjaa "far (away)"]
machgɨrgol somewhat too high (up), a bit too high (up) [cf. gɨrgol "high (up, above)", mɛch- ~ mach- affixal morpheme that means "somewhat, a little, a bit", as in machalvagtɨ "not quite this way, somewhat incorrectly, somewhat wrong", from alvagtɨ "the wrong way, not as required"]
mɛlnɨjɨqjɛv fast, or so it seems (appears), quickly, or so it seems (appears) [cf. nɨjɨqjɛv fast, quickly, mɛl- ~ mal- affixal morpheme that means "or so it seems, or so it appears"]
kɛtɛmŋutku exactly here, precisely, on this very spot [cf. ŋutku here, kɛtɛm- ~ katam- affixal morpheme that means "exactly, precisely"]
close to this group of complex adverbs are adverbs that have suffixes of subjective evaluation:
chɨmcheqɛj close, near, nearby (dim.-aff.) [chɨmche close, near, nearby, -qɛj ~ -qaj dim.-aff. affix]
marɨnralgɨqaj quietly, slowly (dim.-aff.) [mɛrɨnrɛ quietly, slowly, -lgɨqaj complex dim.-aff. affix]
nɨvarɛvjavɨjŋa in a sour, acerbic, acidic way (aug., derog.) [nɨvɛrivjɛv in a sour, acerbic, acidic way, -ɨjŋa complex aug.-derog. affix]
compound or analytical adverbs
a comparatively small group with a modest significance. usually consist of two adverbials or an adverbial and an auxilary word. some have an idiomatic (single, undivided) meaning; with others, the meaning is divisible and each of the components retains its individual meaning to a certain extent.
i) adv. + adv.: the meaning may be divisible or indivisible.
ɛvɨn qɛjvɛ mandatory, obligatory, vital [qɛjvɛ right, correct, proper, ɛvɨn really, genuinely]
a comparatively small group with a modest significance. usually consist of two adverbials or an adverbial and an auxilary word. some have an idiomatic (single, undivided) meaning; with others, the meaning is divisible and each of the components retains its individual meaning to a certain extent.
i) adv. + adv.: the meaning may be divisible or indivisible.
ɛvɨn qɛjvɛ mandatory, obligatory, vital [qɛjvɛ right, correct, proper, ɛvɨn really, genuinely]
lɨgɛn tɨmŋɛ carelessly, offhandedly, nonchalantly, casually tɨmŋɛ uselessly, pointlessly, vainly, in vain, lɨgɛn only]
lɨgɛn ɨnŋin for no particular reason, just because, for its own sake [ɨnŋin so, thus, this way, that way, lɨgɛn only]
ii) adv. + aux. word: the meaning is usually indivisible.
conjunctions are used more often than any other aux. words, especially the conjunction ɛvɨr "if, when, provided" (which tends to be postpositional rather than prepositional):
qɨnvɛr ɛvɨr gradually, slowly, little by little (cf. qɨnvɛr finally, at (long) last)
ii) adv. + aux. word: the meaning is usually indivisible.
conjunctions are used more often than any other aux. words, especially the conjunction ɛvɨr "if, when, provided" (which tends to be postpositional rather than prepositional):
qɨnvɛr ɛvɨr gradually, slowly, little by little (cf. qɨnvɛr finally, at (long) last)
lɨgɛn ɛvɨr at once, immediately, instantly (cf. lɨgɛn only)
ɛvɨr miŋkɨri somehow, some way or other, whichever way possible (cf. miŋkɨri? how?)
ɛvɨr miŋkɨri somehow, some way or other, whichever way possible (cf. miŋkɨri? how?)
particles are extremely rare. if one is used, it will, as a rule, be negative:
ɛtlɨ titɛ never (cf. titɛ? when? ɛtlɨ no, not)
adverbs in chukchi were formed over three distinct periods. 1) non-affixal adverbs, apart from the ones that were formed through the loss of affixes (i.e. primal adverbs). 2) adverbs formed using the suffixes -(ɨ)ŋ and -kɨ(ŋ), that is, the earliest, most primal affixes that appeared language. 3) adverbs that are comparable, structurally and lexically, to other contemporary parts of speech.
it is not always easy to determine whether an adverb has been derived from (or can be considered parallel to) a noun or a verb stem. this is due to the fact that chukchi has widespread omonymy between noun and verb stems (cf. kuprɛn net and kuprɛk to catch (sb., sth.) using a net) and the grammatical forms of both nouns and verbs (cf. ɛtitikɛ without a needle, titiŋɨ needle, and ɛpirikɛ to not take, pirik to take). for example, an adverb such as ɛchimgjukɛ "thoughtlessly" could be seen as derived either from the noun chimgjun "thought, idea" or from the verb chimgjuk "to think, to reflect, to ponder".
the same omonymy sometimes makes it difficult to distinguish between adverbs and certain non-finite forms of verbs. it is usually possible to tell them apart only within a particular context:
ɛmqɨnvulqɨtvik ɨnpɨnachgɨn ɛch
a'achek ɛmɨraqɛtɨ ɛchimgjukɛ,
rɛmkɨļɨn ɛnvilkɛ nɨtaaqoqɛn the guest was smoking ceaselessly [ɛnvilkɛ "without stopping, ceaselessly", adverb]
ɨtlön, gɛmgɛnɨmɨk ɛnvilkɛ, pɨkirgji Vjɛŋɛtɨ without stopping in any village, he arrived in Vyen (Anadyr) [ɛnvilkɛ "without stopping", negative verb form]
ɨnpɨnachgɨn vakjota nɨlɨmŋɨltɛlqɛn the old man told tales while sitting down [vakjota "while sitting down, in a sitting position", adverb]
ŋinqɛj, lɨmɨnkɨ vakjota, qonajchematgjɛ the boy tore (his) pants by sitting down everywhere [vakjota "through, by means of sitting down", adverbial participle]
however, the lack of morphological distinction between these grammatical forms is hardly reason enough to consider them a single class of "adverbials - adverbial participles". there is a considerable number of verbs, derived from nouns or attributives, whose non-finite forms are clearly different from adverbs that are identical to them structure-wise and have been derived from the same noun or attributive stems, e.g. ɛqulikɛ silently [quliqul voice] and ɛquliļɛtkɛ to not shout/scream [quliļɛtɨk to shout, scream], ɛmcheŋɨttɛ with fright [nɨcheŋɨttɨqin (is) easily frightened) and ɛmcheŋɨttɛtɛ because of becoming frightened [cheŋɨttɛtɨk to become frightened]. this is further proof that these forms are merely omonymous and their meaning is entirely different.
compound and complex adverbs evidently appeared during the latest (third) stage of adverb development. compound adverbs appeared after certain phrases started to fullfill an adverbial role in the sentence on a regular basis. the narrower usage caused the phrases to gradually become lexicalized, with the meanings of their components being united into an single, indivisible idiomatic meaning. complex adverbs appeared when the components of a compound adverb would become even more closely united by their shared lexical meaning and would merge into a single unit. between compound and complex adverbs there is a number of intermediate stages. one of the most typical examples is the fact that the language has pairs of adverbs, one compound and one complex, which both have the same meaning (for example, lɨgɛn tɨmŋɛ "in a careless or casual way" is used alongside leŋtɨmŋɛ, which has the same meaning and was obviously formed after the components of the first adverb merged).