(no subject)

[moonflower77]

 

all privative forms, whether of both nouns or verbs, are analytical. there are two analytical structures: the three-component one and the two-component one.

the three-component structure: negative particle + lexical component + auxilary verb (finite form)

several negative particles:

qa?m [indicative mood; past imperfective, past perfective, present specific, gnomic form]
zaq [imperative-hortative mood; 2nd p., any tense or aspect]
wɛjaq [imperative-hortative mood; 3rd p., any tense or aspect]

lexical component: suffix -kaq (intransitive verbs, II conjugation transitive verbs) or -aq (I conjugation transitive verbs)

together, these can be be said to form analytical circumfixes: qa?m ...-kaq, qa?m ...-aq, zaq ...-kaq, zaq ...-aq, wɛjaq ...-kaq, wɛjaq ...-aq.

zaq wɛtatkaq do not work! (2nd person  - direct prohibition)
wɛjaq wɛtatkaq let him/them not work (3rd person - indirect prohibition)

the particles qa?m and zaq may be used separately, with an absolute (generalized) meaning:

zaq! ~ no! don't! don't touch it! don't you dare! stop!
qa?m ~ no, not

note how the negative particle conveys all the additional grammatical information (mood, sometimes person).

each of the three auxilary verbs used within the tripartite structure means "to be":

ɫkɛs [used with intransitive verbs, INTR]
iɫɛs [used with I conjugation transitive verbs; TR, I conj.]
tilkɛs [used with II conjugation transitive verbs; TR, II conj.]

though iɫɛs and tilkɛs are semantically intransitive by definition, when combined with a transitive lexical verb, they take the same subject-object markers as this verb would have required in other situations, and can be assigned, at least formally, to the corresponding conjugations.

the auxiiary verb carries all the required grammatical information (the person and number of the subject, and, for transitive verbs, also the person and number of the object).

the negative forms of the N-class (the privative/caritive case) and those of the V-class are identical from both the formal and structural standpoint:

qa?m kāsɸaq (tskichɛn) (i am) without an axe (there is no axe with me, i have no axe on me)
qa?m wɛtatkaq (tskichɛn) (i am) without work (i do not work, i am out of work)

all the obligatory grammatical categories are reflected in the auxilary verb, whereas all the optional ones (including the desiderative marker -aɫ) are reflected in the lexical component that has the suffix -(k)aq:

qa?m nukaq tɫkichɛn i did not eat
qa?m nowatakaq t'iɫqzukichɛn i did not go (somewhere) to eat
qa?m ɫinnuwaq niɫqzozēmnɛn they do not feed me (altogether)
zaq ɫinnuwataq k'issx do not go (2nd p. pl.) (somewhere) to feed him (at the moment, now)
qa?m nuwaɫkaq tskichɛn i do not want to eat
qa?m ɫinnuwaɫaq t'ischɛn i do not want to feed him

most commonly used in the full form, without omitting the auxiliary verb, though omission is possible.

Miti (1) k'ɛsxlixch (2) tɛwut (3) txsazɣɛn (4) qa?m (5) iɸsota (6) nukaq (7) get up (2), Miti (1), (it is) growing light (4) already (3), (while we) have not eaten (5,7) yet (6)
toɫko (1) zaq (2) kemmankɛ (3) iɫchkukaq (4) i (5) kemma (6) knankɛ (7) xɛ?ņch (8) miɫchkukichɛn (9) only (1) do not look (2,4) (2nd p. sg.) at me (3) and (5) i (6) will not (8,9) look (9) at you (7)

the order of the structure is stable: (1) negative particle, (2) lexical verb + -(k)aq, (3) auxiliary verb. 

xotj (1) k'ɛ (2) k'oɫqzaxɛn (3) zaq (4) ēnch'ɛwaq (5) k'iɫqzumiŋsx (6) ļɣi (7) trudno (8) tēŋqsxɛskisxɛn?in (9) no matter (1) who (2) comes (3) do not disturb (4,5,6) (me) (6), (I) (9) am (9) very (7) badly (8) ill (9) (i am badly ill here at your place, i am a badly ill person of yours) (9) 
Telwal (1) korak (2) k'uzil?in (3) kchɛchɛnk (4) jɛpx (5) qa?m (6) ɫɛmaɫaq (7) k'iɫqzu?in (8) nu (9) pēl (10) xk'i?n (11) q'ɛwlaXa?n (12) qŋaŋ (13) kɫɛm?an (14) Tylwal (1) hit (3) the Koryak (2) in the forehead (4) though (5) (he) did not want to kill (6,7,8) (him) (8) well (9), as (10) (his) hands (11) were strong (12) (he) killed (him) (14) at once (13)
nu (1) Miti (2) qa?m (3) iɫwsaq (4) iɫmiŋ (5) xɛ?ņch (6) it'ɛ (7) soņɫɛs (8) brawoj (9) k'ēɫchkux (10) well (1) Miti (2) (since) (you) (5) did not listen (3,4,5) (to me) (5)  (you) will not see (6,10) a good (9) life (8) ever (6,7)
kemma (1) tlaɣaɫkɛpnɛn (2) wɛjaq (3) ēnsxɫaq (4) xnisɣin (5) ļɣi (6) brawo (7) kŋiksxch (8) i (1) will tell (them) (2) - let (3) (them) (5) not wake (3,4) (you) (5) sleep (8) very (6) well (7) (2nd p. sg.)

however, other words may be inserted between the components, usually between the first and the second. most typically, these are interrogative pronouns or interrogative adverbs, which fuse with the negative particle and form stable phraseological units that have the same meaning as negative pronouns in other languages:

qa?m k'ɛ no-one, nobody (lit. none who)
qa?m āŋqa nothing (lit. none what)
qa?m it'ɛ never (lit. none when)
qa?m mankɛ nowhere (direction) (lit. none where)

Siņaŋɛwt (1) xqamzantɛknɛn (2) a (3) kezza (4) qa?m (5) k'ɛnk (6) ɫaq (7) nisɣin (8) Sinyanewt (1) has gotten married (2) but (3) nobody (5,6) wants to take (5,7,8) you (sg.) (4)\
a (1) sorono (2) qa?m (3) k'ɛnk (4) laɣaɫkaq (5) ischiŋnɛn (6) but (1) (he) does not want to marry (3,5,6) (i.e. to give their hand in marriage) anyone (3,4) anyway (2)
kɫ?ɛchk'ɛŋɛ?n (1) qa?m (2) ēŋqa (3) ɫɛmmaq (4) tɫkichɛn (5) (this is) most bad (1), (i) (5) have not hunted down (2,4,5) anything (2,3)

zaq k'ɛ [...]! do not ... anybody!
zaq āŋqa [...]! do not ... anything!
zaq it'ɛ [...]! do not ever ...!
zaq mankɛ [...]! do not ... anywhere!

a (1) tuza (2) ņɛņɛk'ɛchsxɛ (3) zaq (4) mankɛ (5) mɛch'akɛ (6) ɫalɛkaq (7) kɫqzusx (8) and (1) you (pl.) (2), little children (3), do not go (4,7,8) anywhere (4,5) far (6)

occasionally, other words that are not connected to the negative structure can be inserted in the same manner.

ɛx (1) ti (2) Kukɛ (3) kezza (4) qa?m (5) kemmankɛ (6) tɸɫkaq (7) iɫqzuschŋnin (8) ah (1) you (sg.) (2), Kutkh (3), you (sg.) (4) do not bring (5,7,8) me (6) (anything ever) (8) 
ēŋqankit (1) qa?m (2) nowatanokɛ (3) k'oɫkaq (4) ɫich (5)  why (1) did (you - sg.) not come (2,4,5) for dinner (3)?

the negative particle invariably goes first, but the second and third components can switch places, so that the third component follows immediately after the first, and other words are possible to insert between them. this is observed particularly often in the case of the 1 person negative desiderative ("i do not want to ...", "we do not want to ..."):

kk'oɫsx (1) tkɛ (2) knusx (3). ļaŋɛ?n (4) kXinɛknɛn (5) qa?m (6) nskichɛn (7) nuwaɫkaq (8) come (2nd p. pl.) (1) here (2), eat (2nd p. pl.) (3). the young women (4) said (5): (we) (7) do not want to eat (6,7,8)
qa?m (1) tskichɛn (2) knankɛ (3) t'salɛ (4) iɫaɫkaq ((5) (i) do not want (1,2,5) to come (5) (closer) to you (3), fox (4)
āŋqan (1) kezza (2) itɛsch (3) qa?m (4) tskichɛn (5) knankɛ (6) qamzantaɫkaq (7), knin (8) lūl? (9) ch'ach'alaXa?n (10) what (1) are (3) you (sg.) (2) doing (3), (i) (5) do not want to marry (4,5,7 you (sg.) (6), your (sg.) (8) eyes (9) are red (10)

however, this must be optional as not all sentences with a negative desiderative have the same structure:

Miti (1)! āŋqa (2) mlasxkin (3). qa?m (4) ilɸsaɫaq (5) t'isɣin (6) Miti (1)! (listen) what (2) (i) (3) am going to tell (3) (you - sg.) (3). (i) do not want (4,5,6) to listen (5) (to you - sg.) (6)

the two-component structure

one negative particle: xɛ?ņch, used for the indicative mood (future perfective and future imperfective), subjunctive mood and imperative-hortative mood (1st person for intransitive verbs, first subject-object pair for transitive verbs)

may be used on its own with an absolute (generalized) meaning: ~ (no) i shall not (do something), ~ (no) i will not (do something)

ta (1) ŋɛ?n (2) zaq (3) ēŋqa (4) ch'ɛlkaq (5) ma? (6) well (1), do not (3) do (5) anything (4) wrong (5) anywhere (6) in there (2)\
xɛ?ņch (1) Miti (2) (no, i) won't (1), Miti (2)

all the relevant grammatical and lexical information is concentrated in the second component (the corresponding positive form of the verb)

tk'wɛtatqzokichɛn "i would work" -> xɛ?ņch tk'wɛtatqzokichɛn "i would not work" 
nk'aņchpsxɛn "they would have taught you (pl.)" -> xɛ?ņch nk'aņchpsxɛn "they would not have taught you (pl.)"

there is no formal distinction between the imperative-hortative forms and those of the future tense; both require the same negative form that is based on the imperative (xɛ?ņch + positive imperative-hortative form of the verb). for example, the positive forms t'iɫaɫkichɛn "i will go" and miɫkichɛn "let me go" (or "i will go") both correspond to a single negative form, xɛ?ņch miɫkichɛn "i will not go" / (theoretically) "let me not go"

xɛ?ņch miɫkichɛn i will not go (technically "let me not go")
xɛ?ņch xniɫkichɛn we will not go (technically "let us not go")
xɛ?ņch xniɫqzokichɛn we will not go (several times over, regulalarly)

xɛ?ņch mɫinnuqzuɣin i will not feed you (sg.)
xɛ?ņch mɫinnuqzuchɛn i will not feed him
xɛ?ņch mɫinnuqzusxɛn i will not feed you (pl.)

other future tense negative forms are formed according to the same model:

xɛ?ņch k'iɫxch you (sg.) will not go (technically "do not go")
xɛ?ņch xniɫɣɛn he will not go (technically "let him not go")
xɛ?ņch k'iɫsx you (sg.) will not go (technically "do not go")
xɛ?ņch xniɫɣɛ?n they will not go (technically "let them not go")

this may be due to the fact that virtually any itelmen imperative forms (for any person) may also be used with a meaning of indicative futurity. over time, this meaning appears to have replaced the imperative-hortative meaning. today, imperative-hortative usage appears to be very rare; for the most part, these forms are used only with a future-tense meaning. it would be correct to say that there are no actual negative forms for the imperative-hortative mood that would require this specific structure, and, consequently, no imperative-hortative negative forms whatsoever for the first person.

the order of the structure is always the same: (1) negative particle,  (2) verb form. in some situations, is not divided by any insertions:

xɛ?ņch (1) mnukichɛn (2) ēŋqanta (3) tēŋqsxɛskichɛn (4) i am not going to eat (1,2), (i) am sick (4) for some reason (3)
xɛ?ņch (1) kchla?nux (2) inɸt (3) (you - sg.) (2) will not be able to bear (1,2) this (3)
xɛ?ņch (1) xenk'oɫɣin (2) Emɛmqut (3) qata (4) kk'oɫknɛn (5) (she) (2) is not going to come (1,2), Ememqut (3) has (5) already (4) come (5) (to her, to see her)

other words may be inserted between the two components. these may be interrogative pronouns or interrogative adverbs, which form stable phraseological units with the negative particle, or other words from the N or A classes:

Mɛtɛnkɛ (1) Xɛnisch (2) xɛ?ņch (3) it'ɛ (4) ksxlitxch (5) (he) says (2) to Miti (1): (you - sg.) are not going to starve (3,5) ever (3,4)
xɛ?ņch (1) lɛXsXɛ (2) k'ɛnk (3) xānɫɛmmiŋ (4) nobody (1,3) is going to kill (me) (4), mother (2)
tɛpɛrto (1) xɛ?ņch (2) kemmanx?al (3) k'iɫsx (4) now (1) (you - pl.) (4) will not escape (2,4) from me (3)
xɛ?ņch (1) Xu (2) mɫxikichɛn (3) tnasaɫkichɛn (4) (i) am not going to spend the night (1,3) there (2), (i will) climb down (4)
xɛ?ņch (1) mankɛ (2) xniɫkisxɛn?in (3) (we) (3) are not going to go (1,3) (from you - pl.) (3) anywhere (1,2) (i.e. we are not going to leave you)