(no subject)

[moonflower77]

orientative-dative case

* used to refer to the recipient, adressee or beneficiary (an entity toward or at whom an action is directed or for whom its results are intended):

ɨtri ɛjmɛkvjɛt omqagtɨ they approached the polar bear / polar bears
a'acheka rintɨninɛt omqagtɨ lilit the young man threw (tossed) the mittens at the polar bear
ɨtlɨgɨn gɛlqɨtlin ɨ'ttjɛtɨ the father went to the dogs (i.e. went to see the dogs, went where the dogs were)
ɨ'ttjɛtɨ gɛrɛtlin qopalgɨn (they) brought (sour, fermented) meat for the dogs
rɨjuļɨt ɛkvɛtgjɛt qaagtɨ the shepherds set out to the reindeer (i.e. to see the reindeer, to travel where the reindeer were)
vatap gɛjɨtlin qaagtɨ (they) gave reindeer lichen to the reindeer
raqɛtɨ gɛjɨtlin tɛkichgɨn? to whom (did they) give the meat?
ɨnqɛnagtɨ to that one (him, it)

mɛlgarɛtɨ gajpatlen ŋilgɨn (they) fastened the belt to the rifle
ŋinqɛgti qɨtgjɛt ŋajetɨ the children went toward the mountain
ɨmɨļo kɨtgɨntatgjat jaragtɨ everyone ran to their homes

raqɛtɨ gɛpkitlinɛt? what (did they) approach?
ɨnqɛnagtɨ that one (him, it)

note: there is no distinction between the three semantic shades. they are seen as a single, indivisible meaning (a general direction toward an object).

* within the nominative construction, may be used for the direct object (patient):

mɨtinɛtɛjkɨrkɨn orvɛtɨ (we are) making a sleigh (several sleighs)
tɛnakɛtjorkɨn otkochjɛtɨ (i am) remembering the trap (traps) / snare (snares)
mɨtviriŋɨtkurkɨn qaagtɨ (we are) protecting the reindeer
ɨ'ttjɨt nɨjuutkuqinɛt omqagtɨ the dogs were biting the polar bear

* noun in orient.-dat. + verbs of emotion (korgavɨk "to rejoice", gɨlök "to miss sth./sb., to feel wistful", ajɨlgavɨk "to fear", cheŋɨttɛtɨk "to be frightened" etc.) and several other state verbs (chimgjuk “to think”, etc.): used to refer to an entity that was the cause of a specific emotion or other state:

ŋinqɛj valägtɨ korgakvjɛ the boy rejoiced in the knife, the boy was glad to have received the knife
ŋɛɛkkɛqɛj qajoogtɨ nɨglöqɛn the girl missed the calf
ŋɛvɨsqɛtti anɨ najɨlgavqɛnat ɛ'gɛtɨ women fear the wolves very much
ɨnpɨnachgɨn qonpɨ nɨglöqɛn qaagtɨ the old man continued to miss the reindeer
ɛ'gɨchgɨn cheŋɨttɛtgji mɛlötagtɨ the huge, fearsome wolf was frightened of the hare

* noun in orient.-dat. + verbs of motion (ɛkvɛtɨk "to set out, to leave for a certain location, to embark on a journey", pɨkirɨk "to arrive", qɨtɨk "to walk, to go" etc.): used to refer to an entity that constitutes the reason behind the action, esp. if there are two nouns in this case that directly follow each other:

chavchɨvat ɛkvɛtgjɛt vɛlɨtkoragtɨ kɛmɛtjɛtɨ the nomads set out for the store for (some) goods (i.e. to purchase some goods)
ŋɛɛkkɛqɛj pɨkirgjɨ tɛtɛgtɨ the girl came for (some) needles (i.e. to buy or obtain some needles)
vulqɨtvik ɨtļat nɨjotqinɛt kɨnjoragtɨ nananagtɨ in the evening(s) the mothers come to the nursery school for the children (i.e. to take their children home)

chakɨgɛt qɨtgji manɛgɛtɨ the sister went for (some) fabric (i.e. to buy or obtain some fabric)

-> weak vowels (i, e, u) turn into strong vowels (ɛ, a, o)

-gtɨ: if the stem ends in a vowel

kokagtɨ [stem: kukɛ ~ koka] to, for, toward the cauldron, cauldrons
ajɨchgɛgtɨ [stem: ɛjɨchgi ~ ajɨchgɛ] to, for, toward the wave, waves
chemgjogtɨ [stem: chimgju ~ chemgjo] to, for the thought, thoughts
ɛmchjachokagtɨ [stem: imchjɛchukɛ ~ ɛmchjachoka] to, for, toward the ermine, ermines
mɛlötagtɨ [stem: milütɛ ~ mɛlöta] to, for, toward the hare, hares
pɨcheqagtɨ [stem: pɨchiqɛ ~ pɨcheqa] to, for, toward the small bird, small birds
ŋotqɛnagtɨ [stem: ŋotqɛna] to, for, toward this (one), these (ones)

-ɛtɨ: if the stem ends in a consonant or a consonant cluster

rɛchetɛtɨ [stem: richit ~ rɛchet] to, for, toward the belt, belts
ɛlerɛtɨ [stem: ilir ~ ɛler] to, toward the island, islands
rjavɛtɨ [stem: rjɛv ~ rjav] to, for, toward the whale, whales

qaparɛtɨ [stem: qɛpɛr ~ qapar] to, for, toward the wolverine, wolverines

ajpɛchgɛtɨ [stem ɛjpichg ~ ajpɛchg] to, for, toward the plug, plugs

nalgɛtɨ [stem: nɛlg ~ nalg] to, for, toward the animal skin, animal skins

pɛpɛqɨlgɛtɨ [stem: pipiqɨlg ~ pɛpɛqɨlg] to, for, toward the mouse, mice

kajŋɛtɨ [stem: kɛjŋ ~ kajŋ] to, for, toward the brown bear, brown bears

tɨlächjɛtɨ [stem: tɨlechj ~ tɨlächj] to, for, toward the motor, motors

kɛmɛtjɛtɨ [stem: kimitj ~ kɛmɛtj] to, for, toward the goods (sg. or pl.)

ravɨļɛtɨ [stem: rɛvɨļ ~ ravɨļ] to, for, toward the falcon, falcons

pɛkɨchjɛtɨ [stem: pekɨchj] to, for, toward the snipe (sg. or pl.)

raqɛtɨ [stem: rɛq ~ raq, rjɛ ~ rja] to, for, toward whom, what?

ablative case

* used to indicate the starting point of an action (spatial or otherwise):

qorajpɨ pɨkirgjɛt a'achekɨt the young men came from the reindeer (i.e. from where the reindeer were)
lelejpɨ tɨlpjigjɛt ritlitti the laces/strings tore from off the mittens
lüur omkɛpi riŋɛsqɨchetgjɛt rɛvɨmrɛvɨt suddenly the ptarmigans rose from the scrubbery
qaat mrangɨpɨ gɨntɛkvjɛt the reindeer (pl.) ran away from the mosquitoes

several shades of meaning:

i) used for a specific part of a whole, if said whole perceives or becomes the recipient of a partuicular action through this part:

qoraŋɨ rɨnnɛpɨ gɛkɨnjulin (they) caught the reindeer by the horns
ɨ'ttjɛ juunin umqɨ gɨtkajpɨ the dog bit the polar bear in the leg
niŋɛļɨn gɛļulin qɛvjachgɨpɨ (they) discovered the one who was buried in the snow owing to the vapor

ɨ'ttjɨn gɛlkɨtlin ɛ'nnɛchgɛpɨ (they) recognized the dog by the collar
kɛjŋɛ kɨplɨnɛn jiļɛjil qaptɛjpɨ the brown bear hit the arctic ground squirrel on the back

ii) noun in abl. + state verbs (omavɨk "to warm (up), to become warmer", kɨkvatɨk "to dry (up), to become dry", gajmɨchjavɨk "to become rich" etc.): used to indicate the reason behind the state in question:

jorok aakajpɨ omakvjɛ the inside of the inner tent grew warmer because of the lamp, the lamp warmed the inside of the inner tent
vjaglɨŋɨn tɛrkɛpɨ kɨkvatgjɛ the grass dried up in the sun, the grass dried because of the sun's heat
ɨtlön qaajpɨ gajmɨchjakvjɛ he became rich because of the reindeer (i.e.due to selling or breeding reindeer)
chjachaŋgɨpɨ mimɨl gɛqitɨlin the water froze because of the frost, the water froze in the subzero temperatures
ŋɛvɨsqɛt tɛpjajŋagɨrgɛpɨ ɛrgɨpatgjɛ the young woman because famous because of (her) singing, the young woman became famous for (her) singing

iii) noun in abl. + verbs of creation (tɛjkɨk "to make", tomgatɨk "to be created, to create oneself, to form, to be formed", rɨtomgavɨk "to create, to build, to construct", tɨŋɛk "to grow, to sprout" etc.): used to indicate the origin of a physical object or the material from which it is made:

ɨ'tvɨqɛj ottɛpɨ gɛtɛjkɨlin (they) made the little boat of wood
vɛɛm gatomgatlen vaamqajgɨpɨ the river was formed from streams (small rivers, riverlets)
vɨkvɛpɨ gantomgavlen jarajŋɨn (they) built/constructed (created) a huge, formidable-looking house from the stones
tɨŋachjɨlqɨlgɨpɨ gɛnŋɛlin tɨŋɛchjɨn the plant sprouted from the seed
qaamkɛpɨ gantomgavlen ŋɛlvɨl (they) formed a herd from the groups of reindeer
nalgɛpɨ gɛtɛjkɨlin ɛvirjɨn (they) made clothes from the animal skins

iv) noun in abl. + verbs of motion (lejvɨk "to wander, to roam", jalgɨtɨk "to wander, to lead a nomadic lifestyle, to switch locations" etc.) and some others (lilepik etc.): used to indicate movement through a particular physical object (space) or along a surface (vialis meaning):

ranmɨchgɛpɨ nɨlejvɨqin a'achek the young man is walking along the wall
gɨntɛvɨļɨt pipiqɨlgɨt tɨtlepɨ ŋɨtosqɨchatgjat the mice darted (dashed) through the door as they ran away

ŋɛɛkkɛqɛj qɛrgɨchjɛpɨ nɨtlepɨtkuqin the girl is looking out through the window
patgɨrgɛpɨ nɨjitqin mimɨl water is dripping through the opening
amnoŋgɨpɨ nɨjalgɨtqɛnat chavchɨvat the reindeer herders roam across the tundra
gɨchormɛpɨ i'rɛmjetɨrkɨt ɨ'ttjɨt the dogs are racing (tearing) along the coast

v) (nuligran dialect and several others) instrumental usage:

mɨtɨpkirmɨk qajɨtejpɨ (we) arrived by whale-boat / on a whale-boat (lit. from the whale-boat)

-> weak vowels (i, e, u) turn into strong vowels (ɛ, a, o)

-jpɨ: if the stem ends in a vowel

tɛtɛjpɨ [stem: titi ~ tɛtɛ] from, off of the needle, needles
kokajpɨ [stem: kukɛ ~ koka] from, off of the cauldron, cauldrons

rɛqokajpɨ [stem: riquke ~ rɛqoka] from, off of the polar fox, foxes

omqajpɨ [stem: umqɛ ~ omqa] from, off of the polar bear, polar bears

ɨnqɛnajpɨ [stem: ɨnqɛna] from, off of that one (it, him), those ones (them)

-gɨpɨ: if the stem ends in a single consonant:

rɛchetgɨpɨ [stem: richit ~ rɛchet] from, off of the belt, belts

ŋajgɨpɨ [stem: ŋɛj ~ ŋaj] from, off of the mountain, mountains

qapargɨpɨ [stem: qɛpɛr ~ qapar] from, off of the wolverine, wolverines

rakvɨtgɨpɨ [stem: rɛkvɨt ~ rakvɨt] from, off of the doe, does

-ɛpɨ: if the stem ends in a consonant cluster

mɛlgɛpɨ: [stem: milg ~ mɛlg] from, off of the match, matches

ottɛpɨ [stem: utt ~ ott] from, off of the tree, trees

tɨŋachjɛpɨ [stem: tɨŋɛchj ~ tɨŋachj] from, off of the plant, plants

valvɛpɨ [stem: vɛlv ~ valv] from, off of the raven, ravens

kajŋɛpɨ [stem: kɛjŋ ~ kajŋ] from, off of the brown bear, brown bears

ŋalvɨļɛpɨ [stem: ŋɛlvɨļ ~ ŋalvɨļ] from, off of the herd, herds

designative case

used to assign a particular role to an entity, that is, to describe who or what this entity acts or appears as.

a noun in the designative case must be combined with a noun in the nominative case, which can be:

i) the subject, in which case the noun in the designative case refers to the agent

jɨŋɛk vɨkvɨlgɨn jarano nɨpɛraqɛn the boulder looked like (appeared to be) a yaranga in the mist
ɨnqo lüur ŋotqɛn ɨ'ttjɨn i'gu qjolägjɛ afterward that dog suddenly started to howl like a wolf
ŋajɨtkɨngɨpɨ jarat vɨkvo nɨvɨtrɛtqinɛt from the mountain the yarangas looked like (appeared to be) boulders
kɨtur ŋotqɛnat pɛɛchvakɨt jep qɛjuunu nɛviiqinɛt gɛrɛkvɨtɛ last year these (year-old) reindeer were still grazing with the does as calves
vɨkvɨt rɛqu nɨjmɛtvaqɛnat what are the stones hanging as? (i.e., what are the hanging stones supposed to represent? what purpose are the stones hanging there for?)
ɨnqɛnano (as) those ones (them)

ii) the direct object, in which case the noun in the designative case refers to the patient

ɨnpɨnachga tanŋɨŋɛlgɨn richitu nɛnajaaqɛn the old man uses the rope as a belt
ŋotqɛn vɨkvɨlgɨn chakɛtta talänaŋano gɛrɛtlin the sister brought this stone to be used for a mallet/beater
ɨnqorɨ uttuut ɨ'tvu nɨjaaqɛn afterward the tree was used as a boat
gɨmnin pɛnvɛl gakaŋqaano gɛpirilin (they) took my two-year-old reindeer for a riding-reindeer (i.e. they took the reindeer in order to ride him)
ɨnan i'nɨ ɨ'ttju gɛjɨtlin he gave the wolf away for a dog (i.e. to be tamed and kept as a dog)

it is more common for a noun in the designative case to combine with an auxilary verb, so that the two form a compound predicate:

ŋotqɛn vɨkvɨmkɨn kɨtur pɨrqano gitlin last year this mound of stones was a cliff (pillar)
qɨnvɛr qɛjɨqɛj rjɛvu gɛnjɛtlin at last the whale pup turned intio a whale
ɨrgɨnan ɨ'tvjɛt jarano nɨlgɨqin they use the boat for a dwelling (or: consider the boat to be a dwelling)
ɨnpɨnachga uttɨtjul kɛŋunɛŋɛnu rɨtchɨnin the old man turned the stick into a staff (or: made a staff from the stick)
vajɨŋqɛnat gilgilti umqɛnu gɛlgɨlinɛt (they) mistook those floes over there for polar bears (or: thought the floes to be polar bears)

-nu (weak vowels) / -no (strong vowels): if the stem ends in a vowel

kjɛlinu as, like a cap, caps

milütɛnu as, like a hare, hares

jarano as, like a yaranga, yarangas

vopqano as, like an elk, elks

ŋotqɛnano as, like this one (him, it), these ones (them)

-u (weak vowels) / -o (strong vowels): if the stem ends in a consonant or consonant cluster

milgɛru as, like a rifle, rifles

chotchoto as, like a pillow, pillows

tutliku as, like a common snipe (sg. or pl.)

jajaqo as, like a seagull, seagulls

rɛqu? as, like who/what?

tɨmku as, like a tussock, tussocks

orvo as, like a sleigh, sleighs

pipiqɨlgu as, like a mouse, mice

gachgamko as, like a flock of ducks, flocks of ducks

ɛvirju as, like a garment, garments

pojgɨchjo as, like a stem, stems

rɛvɨļu as, like a falcon, falcons

pɛkɨchjo as, like a snipe (sg. or pl.)

comitative case

used to refer to an entity that participates in a particular action alongside another entity. the latter can be represented by a noun in the nominative case that is the subject (agent), a noun in the nominative case that is the direct object (patient), or a noun in the instrumental case that is the subject (agent).

NB: can refer only to a single entity, which performs an action along with another entity or several entities. though the case form is unmarked for number, the meaning is always singular, unlike the other cases.

i) noun in com. + noun in nom. that is the subject (agent): refers to an entity that performs the action together with the agent

qol nitqin amnoŋjekvɛ nɨleqin ɨlvɨlü gavopqata sometimes a wild reindeer walks through the tundra (together) with an elk
ɨnŋin ɛmchjachokalgɨn ɛmkɨchɨku nɨnɨmɨtvaqɛn gɛjiļɛtɛ so, this was how the ermine lived in the burrow (together) with the arctic ground squirrel

lüur jatjol gɛriqukɛtɛ pɛnrɨtkogjat tɨkɛchjɛti suddenly the fox lunged at the bait (together) with the polar fox
qɨnvɛr i'nɨ gɛqɛpɛrɛ ɛnajogjat qaagtɨ finally the wolf (together) with the wolverine caught up with the reindeer

ii) noun in com. + noun in nom. that is the direct object (patient): refers to an entity that is being acted upon together with the patient

ɨ'tvɨtkuļɛ pɛtle najogjan rjɛv gjiŋɨpchiqɛ soon the hunters caught up with the whale and the killer whale (both of them together, simultaneously)

umqɛtɛ napɛnrɨgjan unjɛl gamɛmɨlä the polar bears sprang (pounced upon) the seal and the ring seal (both of them together, simultaneously)
ŋinqɛe tilmɨtil gɛrɛvɨļɛ nɛļunɛt the boys saw an eagle and a falcon (both of them together, simultaneously)

rɨjuļɛ kɨnjunin rɛkvɨt gɛqɛjuute the shepherd caught the doe together with the calf with a lasso

Chevaro mɨkɨlgɛtɨn garɛqɛ? who should Chevaro (reindeer name) be harnessed with? (lit. harness Chevaro (together) with whom?)
opopɨŋ gaŋotqɛnata (you) will have to (harness him) (together) with this one (him, it)

when the noun in the nominative case (whether the subject or the direct object) is singular, the verb form is marked for number depending on its position -

a) if verb precedes the combination of nouns or is inserted between its two components, it usually agrees only with the first component (the subject or the direct object), so that a singular verb form is used:

gɨtgɨk naļɛqatqɛn i'tui't gagalgata ~ in the lake there swam a goose (together) with a duck, in the lake there swam a goose and a duck

gɨtgɨk i'tui't naļɛqatqɛn gagalgata ~ in the lake a goose was swimming (together) with a duck

b) if the verb follows the combination of nouns, it usually agrees with the entire combination, so that a plural verb form is used:

gɨtgɨk i'tui't gagalgata naļɛqatqɛnat ~ in the lake a goose and a duck were swimming

umqɛtɛ unjɛl gamɛmɨlä jonɛnat ~ the polar bear ran down the seal (together) with the ring seal, the polar bear ran down the seal and the ring seal

however, the converse is also possible, e.g. gɨtgɨk naļɛqatqɛnat i'jtui't gagalgata; gɨtgɨk i'tui't gagalgata naļɛqatqɛn.

iii) noun in com.+ noun in instr. that is the subject (agent): refers to an entity that performs the action together with the agent

jajaqa gajokvata rurkɨnin ɨnnɛɛn the seagull is eating the fish (together) with the loon
riqukɛtɛ gajatjolä pɛnrɨnɛnat pipiqɨlgɨt the polar fox sprang (pounced at) the mice (together) with the fox
kɨtɛpata gavopqata pɛchajvɨnɛn i'nɨ the ram (together) with the elk left the wolf
unjɛle gamɛmɨlä ļunin chamɛtatkoļɨn umqɨ the seal (together) with the ring seal saw the polar bear (who was) stealing (toward them)

depending on the lexical meaning of the verb, the comitative case may have a connotation of mutual or reciprocal action, i.e. an action where the participants are affecting one another:

umqɨ garɨrkata nɨmaravqɛnat the polar bear is fighting with the walrus

when combined with a plural noun in the nominative case: refers to an entity which is either connected to several other entities (seen as a single whole or a group) or to each of these entities separately:

rɛkvɨtti gɛqɛjuutɛ nɛviiqinɛt the does are grazing (together) with a calf, or: the does are grazing, each (together) with a calf
i'gɛ gɛqɛpɛrɛ nɛnugjɛn tɛkichgɨn the wolf ate the meat (together) with the wolverine
mɨtļunɛt rjɛvɨt gɛqɛjrjɛvɛ we saw (some) whales (together) with a pup, or: we saw (some) whales, each of them (together) with a pup

nouns that take the com. case usually refer to animate beings. those that refer to inanimate objects are more rare, typically used in the following two situations:

i) when the action is extended over a prolonged period of time:

ɨtlɨgɨn panɛna gapojga nɨlejvɨqin amnoŋjekvɛ father still walks in the tundra with a spear
nɨppɨļɛv vama, muri nɨgalgaŋɨttɨsqɛvmorɛ gɛplɨqɨtɛtɛ when we were small, we would go hunting ducks with a bolo

ii) if the action is hypothetical (irrealis mood):

ɨnɨkit a'achek gɛmilgɛrɛ njɛkvɛtgjɛn, njɨrɨrkogjan if the youth had taken a gun with him (lit. had left with a gun), he would have killed a walrus
ɛvɨr ɨ'ttjɨn gjinnichgɛ njɨtvagjan, qɨrɨm njɨntɨgjɛn had the dog had a collar on (lit. had the dog been with a collar), it would not have broken loose
ɨnɨkit gɨmnin lilit gɛritlitichgɛ njitɨnɛt, vɛchjɨm qɨrɨm njɨtɨmŋɛvɨnat if my mittens had had strings (to fasten them to the wrist or sleeve) (lit. if my mittens had been with strings), they probably would not have been lost

gɛ-...-tɛ (weak vowels), ga-...-ta (strong vowels): if the stem begins with a consonant and ends in a vowel

gɛkuprɛtɛ with a net

garɨrkata with a walrus

g-...-tɛ (weak vowels), g-...-ta (strong vowels): if the stem begins and ends with a vowel

gumqɛtɛ with a polar bear

gotrata with a bower

gɛ-...-ɛ (weak vowels), ga-...-a (strong vowels): if the stem begins and ends with a consonant

gɛmilgɛrɛ with a rifle

gavɛtgava with a speech, word

g-...-ɛ (weak vowels), g-...-a (strong vowels): if the stem begins with a vowel and ends in a consonant

gilirɛ with an island

gorva with a sleigh

sociative case

used to refer to an entity that is present around another entity that performs a particular action. the latter can be represented by a noun in the nominative case that is the subject (agent), a noun in the nominative case that is the direct object (patient), a noun in the instrumental case that is the subject (agent), or a noun in the instrumental case that is the direct object (patient).

unlike situations that require the comitative case, the two entities are not equal; the one represented by the noun in the nominative or instrumental case is the primary or active participant (performs the action itself), while the one represented by the noun the sociative case is the secondary or passive participant (does not participate in the action and is merely present while it takes place).

nouns that refer to both animate beings and inanimate objects may be used:

milgɛr gamjamɛma nɨjmɛtvaqɛn rɛnmɨk the rifle (together) with the ammunition is hanging on the wall
a'achek ŋɨtosqɨchatgjɛ gamɛlgarma the young man darted out (outside, out of the dwelling) with a rifle
tɨjɨlɨn ɨnaaļɛti kjɛli galelema (I) gave the cap (together) with the mittens to (my) elder brother

tumgɛ gotkonagma pɛnrɨnɛn ɛmchjachokalgɨn the friend attacked the ermine with a stick
i'nɨ gaqajooma qaptɨtkɨnɨk nɨgɨntɛvqin the wolf ran away with the calf on his back (i.e. the calf was flung across the wolf's back)
mɨtjogjan vopqɨ gaqajvopqaqajma (we) caught up with the elk and the elk calf
ɨ'ttjɨn gaqajɨttjɨqajma chottagnɨk nɨtvaqɛn the dog (together) with the puppies was in the corridor
pɛnvɛl garjama nɨgɨntɛvqin? whom/what is the male raindeer (up to two years of age) is running away with?
vaj gaŋotqɛnama with this one (him, it)

depending on the lexical meaning of the two nouns, the sociative case may gain a specific semantic shade. e.g., if the noun in the sociative refers to a pourable (liquid or powdery) substance and is combined with a noun that refers to a container, it will be used to refer to the contents of the latter:

uttɛmɨg gamɨtqɨma ɛnmɛch gɛrɛtlin the barrel with the fat/blubber (inside) has already been delivered
lüur tɨmkɨgiŋkɨ tɨļugɛn mjamɛjochgɨn gamjamɛma suddenly (i) saw a cartridge-belt with ammunition (in it) under a tussock

tɛjuchgɨn gapɛŋvɨtrɨma orvɨtkɨnɨk gɛtritlin (they) placed the bag with the flour (inside) onto the sleigh
nitchjɛv nɨtvaqɛn ajmɨjochgin gamɛmlɨma the bucket with water (inside it) was heavy
cheŋɨlɨm garjama (garaqɨma)? and what is the box with? (i.e. what is inside the box?)
vaj gaŋotqɛnama with that over there (i.e. it is filled with that substance over there)

-> weak vowels (i, e, u) turn into strong vowels (ɛ, a, o)

ga-...-ma: if the stem ends in a consonant

gatɛtɛma (together) with the needle, needles [stem: titi ~ tɛtɛ]
galɨläma (together) with the eye, eyes [stem: lɨle ~ lɨlä]
garjavma (together) with the whale, whales [stem: rjɛv ~ rjav]

g-...-ma: if the stem ends in a vowel

gɛlerma (together) with the island, islands [stem: ilir ~ ɛler]
gɛmchjachokama (together) with the ermine, ermines [stem: imchjɛchukɛ ~ ɛmchjachoka]
gonjalma (together) with the seal, seals [stem: unjɛl ~ onjal]

connective vowel "ɨ" inserted before the suffix if the stem ends in a consonant cluster: g-...-ɨma

gottɨma (together) with the tree, trees [stem: utt ~ ott]
gapɛpɛqɨlgɨma (together) with the mouse, mice [stem: pipiqɨlg ~ pɛpɛqɨlg]
gɛrjɨma (together) with the parka, parkas [stem: irj ~ ɛrj]
gatɨŋachjɨma (together) with the plant, plants [stem: tɨŋɛchj ~ tɨŋachj]