chukchi - nouns III decl. (brief notes)
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moonflower77III declension
nouns that refer to human beings in general, not specific persons (apart from the names certain close elder relatives).
nouns that refer to human beings in general, not specific persons (apart from the names certain close elder relatives).
ɨtlɨgɨn "father", ɨtlä "mother", ɛkɨk "son", mirgɨn "grandfather", ɨnjiv "uncle" and several others = III declension
* used to refer to the person who is the subject (agent) of an action
vulqɨtvik ɨnpɨnachgɨn nɨlɨmŋɨlqɛn in the evening the old man would tell tales
* used to refer to the person who is the object (patient) of an action
ŋargɨn tɨļugjɛn tumgɨtum (i) saw a friend in the street
noun in the nom. case + plural personal pronoun in the nom. case: may be used to express comitativity. however, nouns belonging to the III decl. are used in this combination more rarely than those from the II decl. (usually only when it is clear from the context that they refer to a specific person). otherwise comitativity is usually expressed via special case forms.
muri tumgɨtum nɨqɨrjachenmorɛ we including a friend, i.e. i and a friend, are competing
may have a special plural form, which is used only if one wishes to emphasize the fact that there are multiple agents and not just one. (otherwise, the non-number-marked form is used and the number of the agent is encoded only in the verb form)
chavchɨvarɨk nagtatɨrkɨn
* in the nominative structure, used to refer to the person who is the direct object (patient) of an action. when used this way, has no special plural form; the unmarked generic form will always be used regardless of the actual number of the noun in question.
3) locative case
* used to denote a location that is connected to a particular person (that person's home, farm, business etc.)
jejvɛl ɨnjivɨk nɨmigchirɛtqin the orphan worked at (his) uncle's / uncles'
* may be used to refer to the person who is the direct object (patient) of an action (like the I decl. and unlike the II decl.)
ɨ'ttjɨn juutkugji ŋinqɛjɨk the dog bit the boy / boys
* used for comparing the qualities of several persons or of the actions they perform:
tumgɨk ɨnpɨŋ vaļɨn "older than the friend, friends", tumgɨrɨk ɨnpɨŋ vaļɨn "older than the friends"
chakɛttɨk taŋɨŋ nɨtipjɛjŋɛqin "sings better than the sister, sisters", chakɛttɨrɨk taŋɨŋ nɨtipjɛjŋɛqin "sings better than the sisters"
* used to specify the temporal location of one entity with regard to another entity (person):
ŋɛvɨsqɛtɨk ɨ'ttjɨjol "earlier than the woman, women", ŋɛvɨsqɛtɨrɨk ɨ'ttjɨjol "earlier than the women"
* used to specify the spatial location of one entity with regard to another entity (person):
chavchɨvak chɨmche "near the nomad, nomads", chavchɨvarɨk chɨmche "near the nomads"
the combination of the noun + spatial postpositions produces set analytical complexes: ɨnpɨnachgɨk qacha "close to the old man, old men", ɨnpɨnachgɨrɨk ɨ'ttjɨjocha "in front of the old men" etc.
noun in the loc. case + postposition rɛɛn: may be used to express comitativity (see section on comitativity).
4) ablative case
* used to refer to a person as the starting point of an action
chavchɨvajpɨ pɨkirgji gɛkɛŋɨļɨn a dog sleigh arrived from the nomad (i.e., it was sent by the nomad or came from his dwelling)
(to arrive from sb./sb.'s place, to bring sth. from sb./sb.'s place, to take sth. from sb., to escape from sb./sb.'s place, to leave sb./sb.'s place, to depart from sb.'s place, to learn sth. from sb.)
5) orientative-dative case
* used to refer to a person toward/at whom an action is directed or for whom its results are intended (theaddressee, recipient or beneficiary)
a'achek qɨtgji chavchɨvagtɨ the young man went to the nomad / nomads
(to give sth. to sb., to lend sth. to sb., to make/do sth. for sb.)
* may be used to mark the direct object (patient) [would not necessarily translate as a direct object into another language]
tinɛlqɨrirɨrkɨn tomgɛtɨ (i) am searching for a friend / friends
* noun in orient.-dat. + verbs of feeling: used to denote the person at/toward whom a particular feeling is directed
tɛmŋolɨrkɨn chakɛttɛtɨ (i) miss (my) sister / sisters
* noun in orient.-dat. + verbs of request/demand: used to denote the person to whom a particular request or demand is addressed
6) determinative case
* used to refer to a person as a spatial reference point or role model for sb. (behavior-wise)
ɨtlön ɨnpɨnachgɨgjet nɨleqin gɨtgɛtɨ he was moving toward the lake along the same trajectory as the old man / old men
7) comitative case
* used to refer to a person who is performing an action together with another person (one of two subjects/agents) or being acted upon together with another person (one of two direct objects/patients)
a'achek vulqɨtvik gachavchɨvata rɨjusqikvji in the evening the young man set out (together) with the nomad to guard (reindeer)
qlävɨlä gɛŋɛvjɛnɛ njɛmɛtgjɛn unjɛl the man (together) with his wife dragged the seal (to a certain location)
tɨļugjɛn ŋɛɛkkɛqɛj gachakɛtta i saw a girl (together) with (her) sister
(identical to I decl.): a noun in the com. case may denote only a single object, so there is no special plural formfor this case.
* personal pronoun + noun (com. case): used to refer to a person who is acting or being acted upon together with the person denoted by the pronoun
gɨm gɛtumgɛ injɛ trɛkvɛtgjɛ I will set out in the morning (together) with a friend
gɨmnan gachakɛtta tɨjagnagjan ɨtlä I greeted mother (together) with (my) sister
ajvɛ ɨtlön ganpɨnachga gɛrɛtlin (they) brought him here yesterday, (together) with the old man
* plural personal pronoun + noun (com. case): used to refer to a single person who is acting or being acted upon together with several other persons at once or with each of these persons separately:
muri gɛtumgɛ nɨmigchirɛnmuri a friend works (together) with us or a friend works (together) with each of us, each of us works (together) with a friend
ɨrgɨnan gɛŋinqɛje nɨnrɛŋavqɛn ŋɛlvɨl a boy drove the herd (together) with them or a boy drove the herd (together) with each of them, each of them drove the herd (together) with a boy
muri gɛkmiŋɛ ganqamɛtvavmorɛ (they) fed us (together) with the child or (they) fed each of us together with our babies
8) sociative case
* used to refer to a person who is present while the subject (agent) is performing an action or while the direct object (patient) is being acted upon
(unlike I decl.) occasionally may take a special plural form, which is constructed on the basis of the I decl. soc. case form + -(ɨ)r(ɨ)-:
ɛrgatɨk gachavchɨvarɨma rɛpkirgjɛ murgin tɨŋɛvjo our messenger will arrive tomorrow with the nomads (the messenger is following or accompanying the nomads)
qɨtlɨgi ɨ'tvjɛt ganlɨplätlen gaŋɛnkajɨrɨma as it turned out, the boat was borne away (by the current or wind) with the boys (the boys were in the boat)
gaŋɛnkajma"with the boy, boys" - gaŋɛnkajɨrɨma "with the boys"
gamɛrgɨma "with the grandfather, grandfathers" - gamɛrgɨrɨma "with the grandfathers"
9) designative case
* used to define a role for the person who is the subject (agent) or the direct object (patient):
ɛkɨk ɛnmɛch a'acheko gɛnjɛtlin the son has already become a young man
no number distinction whatsoever.
when a question is to be formulated, III decl. nouns require the same interrogative noun as nouns from the II decl. (mɛŋin?). if a noun is in the form that is unmarked for number, the interrogative noun may be either in the singular or in the plural, e.g.: tumgɛ "(by) the friend, friends" - mikɨnɛ? "(by) whom?" (sg.), mikɨrɨk "(by) whom?" (pl.). the comitative and sociative cases are exceptions. a question for a noun in the com. case would be analytical, e.g.: mɛŋin ɨtri? "who is he/she with? (lit. who are they two/the two of them?)" - (ɨtri) gɛtumgɛ "(he/she is, lit. they are) with a friend". a question for a noun in the design. case, like the response, would have no number distinction, e.g.: mikɨnu? "as who? (sg. or pl.)" - tumgu "as a friend".
atɛ "father, dad", ɨmmɛmɨ "mother, mom", ɛpɨ "grandfather, grandpa", jeļo "uncle" and several others = II declension
for cases other than the nominative: usually require case forms which are identical to those of the I decl. and have no number distinction. however, if the speaker wishes to emphasize that they are referring to more than one person, the noun will take plural case forms identical to those of the II decl.; in that case, the generic case forms not marked for number (identical to I decl. ones) should be interpreted as singular.
peculiarities not present in the I or II declensions:
1) nominative case
* used to name persons, but refer to the members of broader strata, groups or categories of people rather than specific persons (as proper names would)
ɨnpɨnachgɨn "old man", ɨnpɨnachgɨt "old men"; chavchɨv "nomad", chavchɨvat "nomads"; ɨtlɨgɨn "father",
for cases other than the nominative: usually require case forms which are identical to those of the I decl. and have no number distinction. however, if the speaker wishes to emphasize that they are referring to more than one person, the noun will take plural case forms identical to those of the II decl.; in that case, the generic case forms not marked for number (identical to I decl. ones) should be interpreted as singular.
peculiarities not present in the I or II declensions:
1) nominative case
* used to name persons, but refer to the members of broader strata, groups or categories of people rather than specific persons (as proper names would)
ɨnpɨnachgɨn "old man", ɨnpɨnachgɨt "old men"; chavchɨv "nomad", chavchɨvat "nomads"; ɨtlɨgɨn "father",
* used to refer to the person who is the subject (agent) of an action
vulqɨtvik ɨnpɨnachgɨn nɨlɨmŋɨlqɛn in the evening the old man would tell tales
ɨnpɨnachgɨt jarak qacha gumɛkɛtlinɛt the old men gathered by the yaranga
* used to refer to the person who is the object (patient) of an action
ŋargɨn tɨļugjɛn tumgɨtum (i) saw a friend in the street
ŋɛjɨk rɨmagtɨ mɨtjonat tumgɨt we caught up with (our) friends behind the mountain
noun in the nom. case + plural personal pronoun in the nom. case: may be used to express comitativity. however, nouns belonging to the III decl. are used in this combination more rarely than those from the II decl. (usually only when it is clear from the context that they refer to a specific person). otherwise comitativity is usually expressed via special case forms.
muri tumgɨtum nɨqɨrjachenmorɛ we including a friend, i.e. i and a friend, are competing
tɨļutɨk ajvɛ turi ɨtlɨgɨn yesterday i saw you (pl.) including (your) father, i.e. you (sg.) and (your) father
2) instrumental case
* in the ergative structure, used to refer to the person who is the subject (agent) of an action
chavchɨvata agtatɨrkɨnɛn ŋɛlvɨl the nomad is driving the herd
2) instrumental case
* in the ergative structure, used to refer to the person who is the subject (agent) of an action
chavchɨvata agtatɨrkɨnɛn ŋɛlvɨl the nomad is driving the herd
chavchɨvata nagtatɨrkɨn ŋɛlvɨl the nomads are driving the herd
chakɛtta tɛjkɨninɛt lilit the sister has made (sewn) the mittens
chakɛtta nɛtɛjkɨnɛt lilit the sisters have made (sewn) the mittens
may have a special plural form, which is used only if one wishes to emphasize the fact that there are multiple agents and not just one. (otherwise, the non-number-marked form is used and the number of the agent is encoded only in the verb form)
chavchɨvarɨk nagtatɨrkɨn
chakɛttɨrɨk nɛtɛjkɨnɛt lilit it is several sisters that have made (sewn) the mittens
* in the nominative structure, used to refer to the person who is the direct object (patient) of an action. when used this way, has no special plural form; the unmarked generic form will always be used regardless of the actual number of the noun in question.
tinɛnļɛtɛtɨrkɨn ɨnpɨŋɛvɛ i am giving a lift to the old woman / old women
tinɛnŋivɛtgjɛk ɛkkɛtɛ i have sent (my) son / sons
3) locative case
* used to denote a location that is connected to a particular person (that person's home, farm, business etc.)
jejvɛl ɨnjivɨk nɨmigchirɛtqin the orphan worked at (his) uncle's / uncles'
jejvɛl ɨnjivɨrɨk nɨmigchirɛtqin the orphan worked at (his) uncles'
mirgɨn ɛnaaļɨk nɨtaraŋqɛn grandfather is building a house at (his) neighbor's / neighbors'
mirgɨn ɛnaaļɨrɨk nɨtaraŋqɛn grandfather is building a house at (his) neighbors'
* may be used to refer to the person who is the direct object (patient) of an action (like the I decl. and unlike the II decl.)
ɨ'ttjɨn juutkugji ŋinqɛjɨk the dog bit the boy / boys
ɨ'ttjɨn juutkugji ŋinqɛjɨrɨk the dog bit the boys
tinɛgɨnritɨrkɨn nɛnɛnɛk (i) am guarding the child / children
tinɛgɨnritɨrkɨn nɛnɛnɛrɨk (i) am guarding the children
ɨnpɨnachgɨn inɛnqɛvjilüvɨrkɨn ɨtlɨvjok the old man is cradling (his) grandson / grandsons
ɨnpɨnachgɨn inɛnqɛvjilüvɨrkɨn ɨtlɨvjorɨk
* used for comparing the qualities of several persons or of the actions they perform:
tumgɨk ɨnpɨŋ vaļɨn "older than the friend, friends", tumgɨrɨk ɨnpɨŋ vaļɨn "older than the friends"
chakɛttɨk taŋɨŋ nɨtipjɛjŋɛqin "sings better than the sister, sisters", chakɛttɨrɨk taŋɨŋ nɨtipjɛjŋɛqin "sings better than the sisters"
* used to specify the temporal location of one entity with regard to another entity (person):
ŋɛvɨsqɛtɨk ɨ'ttjɨjol "earlier than the woman, women", ŋɛvɨsqɛtɨrɨk ɨ'ttjɨjol "earlier than the women"
* used to specify the spatial location of one entity with regard to another entity (person):
chavchɨvak chɨmche "near the nomad, nomads", chavchɨvarɨk chɨmche "near the nomads"
the combination of the noun + spatial postpositions produces set analytical complexes: ɨnpɨnachgɨk qacha "close to the old man, old men", ɨnpɨnachgɨrɨk ɨ'ttjɨjocha "in front of the old men" etc.
noun in the loc. case + postposition rɛɛn: may be used to express comitativity (see section on comitativity).
4) ablative case
* used to refer to a person as the starting point of an action
chavchɨvajpɨ pɨkirgji gɛkɛŋɨļɨn a dog sleigh arrived from the nomad (i.e., it was sent by the nomad or came from his dwelling)
injɛ chavchɨvargɨpɨ qoratjol gɛrɛtlin in the morning (they) brought the reindeer meat from the nomads (i.e. the meat was sent by the nomads or was brought from their dwelling)
ŋɛnqajgɨpɨ ɨ'ttjɨt gɨntɛkvjɛt the boy's (lit. from the boy) dog escaped (i.e. the dog belonged to the boy or escaped from his dwelling)
lüur ŋɛnqajɨrgɨpɨ mɛlgarpɛkɨl ureiletgji suddenly a gunshot was heard from from the boys (i.e. from where the boys were, from the direction of the boys)
ɨnpɨnachgepɨ ŋɨtogjɛ a'achek a young man emerged from the old men's (i.e. the young man had been inside the old men's dwelling)
ɨnpɨnachgɨrgɨpɨ tɨgjuletɨk lɨmŋɨlɨk I learned to tell tales from the old men
(to arrive from sb./sb.'s place, to bring sth. from sb./sb.'s place, to take sth. from sb., to escape from sb./sb.'s place, to leave sb./sb.'s place, to depart from sb.'s place, to learn sth. from sb.)
5) orientative-dative case
* used to refer to a person toward/at whom an action is directed or for whom its results are intended (theaddressee, recipient or beneficiary)
a'achek qɨtgji chavchɨvagtɨ the young man went to the nomad / nomads
ɨmɨļo gɨtgak nɛkvɛtqinɛt chavchɨvarɨkɨ in the fall everyone goes to the nomads
mirgɛ tɛjkɨnin ŋɛnqajetɨ
ŋɛnqajɨrɨkɨ gɛjɨtlin ɨ'tvjɛt (they) gave a boat to the boys
(to give sth. to sb., to lend sth. to sb., to make/do sth. for sb.)
* may be used to mark the direct object (patient) [would not necessarily translate as a direct object into another language]
tinɛlqɨrirɨrkɨn tomgɛtɨ (i) am searching for a friend / friends
a'achekɨt inɛviriŋgjɛt tomgɨrɨkɨ the young men defended (their) friends
tɨkɛtjotkogjak akkagtɨ (i) remembered (my) son / sons
ɨtlä ɛ'jŋɛvɨtkurkɨn akkarɨkɨ the mother is calling out to (her) sons
* noun in orient.-dat. + verbs of feeling: used to denote the person at/toward whom a particular feeling is directed
tɛmŋolɨrkɨn chakɛttɛtɨ (i) miss (my) sister / sisters
ŋɛɛkkɛqɛ jkorgakvjɛ
* noun in orient.-dat. + verbs of request/demand: used to denote the person to whom a particular request or demand is addressed
ŋinqɛj vanlägjɛ ɨnpɨnachgɛtɨ
ŋɛvɨsqɛtti injɛjvɨgjɛt ɨnpɨnachgɨrɨkɨ
6) determinative case
* used to refer to a person as a spatial reference point or role model for sb. (behavior-wise)
ɨtlön ɨnpɨnachgɨgjet nɨleqin gɨtgɛtɨ he was moving toward the lake along the same trajectory as the old man / old men
ŋinqɛgti ɨnpɨnachgɨrɨgjet
a'achek ŋɛvɨsqɛtɨgjit taraŋɨŋŋogjɛ the young man started to build a dwelling in the same manner as the woman / women
ŋɛɛkkɛqɛgti ŋɛvɨsqɛtɨrɨgjit
7) comitative case
* used to refer to a person who is performing an action together with another person (one of two subjects/agents) or being acted upon together with another person (one of two direct objects/patients)
a'achek vulqɨtvik gachavchɨvata rɨjusqikvji in the evening the young man set out (together) with the nomad to guard (reindeer)
qlävɨlä gɛŋɛvjɛnɛ njɛmɛtgjɛn unjɛl the man (together) with his wife dragged the seal (to a certain location)
tɨļugjɛn ŋɛɛkkɛqɛj gachakɛtta i saw a girl (together) with (her) sister
(identical to I decl.): a noun in the com. case may denote only a single object, so there is no special plural formfor this case.
* personal pronoun + noun (com. case): used to refer to a person who is acting or being acted upon together with the person denoted by the pronoun
gɨm gɛtumgɛ injɛ trɛkvɛtgjɛ I will set out in the morning (together) with a friend
gɨmnan gachakɛtta tɨjagnagjan ɨtlä I greeted mother (together) with (my) sister
ajvɛ ɨtlön ganpɨnachga gɛrɛtlin (they) brought him here yesterday, (together) with the old man
* plural personal pronoun + noun (com. case): used to refer to a single person who is acting or being acted upon together with several other persons at once or with each of these persons separately:
muri gɛtumgɛ nɨmigchirɛnmuri a friend works (together) with us or a friend works (together) with each of us, each of us works (together) with a friend
ɨrgɨnan gɛŋinqɛje nɨnrɛŋavqɛn ŋɛlvɨl a boy drove the herd (together) with them or a boy drove the herd (together) with each of them, each of them drove the herd (together) with a boy
muri gɛkmiŋɛ ganqamɛtvavmorɛ (they) fed us (together) with the child or (they) fed each of us together with our babies
8) sociative case
* used to refer to a person who is present while the subject (agent) is performing an action or while the direct object (patient) is being acted upon
(unlike I decl.) occasionally may take a special plural form, which is constructed on the basis of the I decl. soc. case form + -(ɨ)r(ɨ)-:
ɛrgatɨk gachavchɨvarɨma rɛpkirgjɛ murgin tɨŋɛvjo our messenger will arrive tomorrow with the nomads (the messenger is following or accompanying the nomads)
qɨtlɨgi ɨ'tvjɛt ganlɨplätlen gaŋɛnkajɨrɨma as it turned out, the boat was borne away (by the current or wind) with the boys (the boys were in the boat)
gaŋɛnkajma"with the boy, boys" - gaŋɛnkajɨrɨma "with the boys"
gamɛrgɨma "with the grandfather, grandfathers" - gamɛrgɨrɨma "with the grandfathers"
9) designative case
* used to define a role for the person who is the subject (agent) or the direct object (patient):
ɛkɨk ɛnmɛch a'acheko gɛnjɛtlin the son has already become a young man
pɛtle ɨmɨļo ɛkkɛt a'acheko rɛnjɛlŋɨt soon all the sons will become young men
ɨtlön chavchɨvano gɛlgɨlin (they) thought him a nomad, (they) mistook him for a nomad
ɨnqɛnat ɨmɨ chavchɨvano gɛlgɨlinɛt (they) thought those ones (i.e. them) to be nomads as well, (they) mistook those ones (i.e. them) for nomads as well
no number distinction whatsoever.
when a question is to be formulated, III decl. nouns require the same interrogative noun as nouns from the II decl. (mɛŋin?). if a noun is in the form that is unmarked for number, the interrogative noun may be either in the singular or in the plural, e.g.: tumgɛ "(by) the friend, friends" - mikɨnɛ? "(by) whom?" (sg.), mikɨrɨk "(by) whom?" (pl.). the comitative and sociative cases are exceptions. a question for a noun in the com. case would be analytical, e.g.: mɛŋin ɨtri? "who is he/she with? (lit. who are they two/the two of them?)" - (ɨtri) gɛtumgɛ "(he/she is, lit. they are) with a friend". a question for a noun in the design. case, like the response, would have no number distinction, e.g.: mikɨnu? "as who? (sg. or pl.)" - tumgu "as a friend".