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Oct. 29th, 2012 05:19 pm![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
moonflower77two distinct semantic shades: joint action where the partners are equal, and joint action where one of the partners is dependent. depending on the declension, will be expressed either through different case forms or through analytical structures where one of the components is a noun in the relevant case.
I declension: two cases, comitative and sociative
comitative case: joint action where both the entities, the one referred to by the noun in the nominative case and in the one referred to by the noun in the comitative case, play equally significant roles and act simultaneously
i'nɨ nɨleqin amnoŋjekvɛ gɛqɛpɛrɛ the wolf walked through the tundra together with the wolverine, the wolf and the wolverine walked through the tundra (together, but independently of each other)
umqɛtɛ rɨrɨngiivnin jatjol gɛriqukɛtɛ the polar bear encountered a fox together with a polar fox, the polar bear encountered a fox and a polar fox (together, but independently of each other)
uttuut gɛkɛjŋɛ ganlɨplätlen pɨchjɨchjɛ the log was borne away by the current together with the brown bear, the log and the brown bear were borne away by the current (together, but independently of each other)
vɨchgottoot gatɛvɛnaŋata mɛrɨnrɛ nɨjquntɛtqin gɨchormɛpɨ the board was slowly drifting away from the shore together with the oars, the board and the oars were slowly drifting away from the shore (together, but independently of each other)
sociative case: joint action where the primary role is played by the entity referred to by the noun in the nominative case, whereas the entity referred to by the noun in the socative case plays a secondary role
lüur pintɨqɛtgji umqɨ gaqajomqaqajma suddenly there appeared a polar bear with a cub (the cub was following the bear)
jatjol gatakɛchgɨma gɨntɛkvji the fox ran away with the meat (the fox carried the meat off)
qɨnvɛr gagtolen kuprɛn gamɛmɨlma finally (they) pulled out the net with the ring seal (the ring seal was trapped in the net)
tɛjuchgɨt gapɛŋvɨtrɨma ɛnmɛch gɛrɛtlinɛt (they) have already delivered the bags with flour (the bags with the flour in them)
noun (loc. case) + postposition rɛɛn: joint action where the primary role is played by the entity referred to by the noun in the locative case, whereas the entity referred to by the noun in the nominative case plays a secondary role
vopqɨ qaak rɛɛn nɛviiqin the elk is grazing with the deer (the elk is present in the vicinity or is following the deer)
riqukɛk rɛɛn jatjol gɛļulin (they) saw a fox with the polar foxes (the fox was present in the vicinity or was following the polar foxes)
umqɛk rɛɛn riquqɛt pɨkirgjɛt the polar foxes arrived with the polar bear (the polar foxes were present in the vicinity or were following the polar bear)
unjɛlɨk rɛɛn mɛmɨltɛ mɨtļunɛt (we) saw the ring seals with the seals (the ring seals were present in the vicinity or were following the other seals)
II declension: no comitative or sociative cases; comitativity is expressed exclusively through analytical means
plural personal pronoun (nom. case) + singular noun (nom. case): joint action where all the participants play equally significant roles, not necessarily simultaneous
muri Rultɨn injɛ mɨtrɛkvɛtgjɛ we including Rultyn, i.e., i and Rultyn, will set out in the morning (together and at the same time)
muri Kupli ɛmrɨngiitɛ mɨtrɛnjurkɨn we including Kupli, i.e., i and Kupli, will take turns to guard (jointly, but not at the same time)
(in the nominative structure, used to refer to two subjects/agents who are acting jointly)
ɛrgatɨk turi Kɨmjoj amnoŋɛtɨ rɛkvɛnŋɨtɨk tomorrow you (pl.) including Kymoj, i.e., you (sg.) and Kymoj, will set out for the tundra
mɨtɛnagtatɨrkɨn ŋɛlvɨļɛ muri Roptɨn we including Roptyn, i.e., i and Roptyn, are driving the herd
amqɨnjɨcho ɨtri ɨtchajqaj jarak nɨmigchirɛtqinɛt every day they including (their) aunt, i.e., he/she and his or her aunt, work at home
turi mɛŋin rotkochjɨjopanŋɨtɨk? you (pl.) including who is going to check the traps? i.e., whom are you (sg.) going to check the traps with?
muri ŋotqɛn we including this one, i.e., i and him/her
(in the ergative structure, used to refer to two objects/patients who are jointly acted upon)
muri I'ttuvji jep ɨjaajpɨ nɛļumɨk tumgɛ (our) friends saw us including Ettugi, i.e., me and Ettugi, already from afar
ɨtri Ravtukuŋa gapɛlälenat jarak (they) left them including Ravtukuna, i.e., him/her and Ravtukuna, at home
kɨtur turi eļo riŋɛnɛŋɛtɛ gɛrɛtturi last year (they) transported you (pl.) including your uncle, i.e., you (sg.) and your uncle, by plane
muri mɛŋin narapɛlämɨk? (they) are going to leave us including who? i.e., whom are they going to they leave me with?
turi ŋotqɛn you (pl.) including this one, i.e., you (sg.) and him/her
noun (loc. case) + postposition rɛɛn: joint action where one of the participants depends on the other, i.e. is present while the other performs an action or accompanies him or her
ɨtlön Ragtɨnɨrɨk rɛɛn gajalgɨtlen aŋqachormɛtɨ he moved to the seashore together with the Ragtyns (he was with the Ragtyns or accompanied them)
Ragtɨntɛ eļona rɛɛn nɨjalgɨtqɛnat the Ragtyns are moving from one location to another with (their) uncle (they are with their uncle or are accompanying him)
Rultɨtɛgnɨnɛ rɛɛn "with Rultytegin", Rultɨtɛgnɨrɨk rɛɛn "with the Rultytegins", eļona rɛɛn "with the uncle",eļorɨk rɛɛn "with the uncles", mikɨnɛ rɛɛn? "with whom (sg.)?", ŋotqɛnɨna rɛɛn "with this one", mikɨrɨk rɛɛn?"with whom (pl.)?", ŋotqɛnɨrɨk rɛɛn "with these (ones)"
III declension: all the methods of expressing comitativity that are listed above
comitative case: joint action where both the entity referred to by the noun in the nominative case and the entity referred to by the noun in the in the comitative case play equally significant roles and act simultaneously
a'achek qɨtgji gɛtumgɛ the young man went together with a friend (together, at the same time, independently of each other)
plural personal pronoun (nom. case) + singular noun (nom. case): joint action where all the participants play equally significant roles, not necessarily simultaneous
turi tumgɨtum ɛrgatɨk qɛkvɛtgɨtɨk: gɨt - injɛ, tumgɨtum - vulqɨtvik you (pl.) including a friend, i.e., you (sg.) and a friend, will set out tomorrow: you (sg.) (will set out) in the morning, (while) (your) friend (will set out) in the evening
sociative case: joint action where one of the participants depends on the other, i.e. is present while the other performs an action or accompanies him or her
ŋinqɛj gatomgɨma pɨkirgji the boy arrived with a friend/several friends (the friends were with him or were accompanying him)
noun (loc. case) + postposition rɛɛn: joint action where one of the participants depends on the other, i.e. is present while the other performs an action or accompanies him or her
ŋɛɛkkɛqɛj tumgɨk rɛɛn nuvichvɛtqɨn the girl is playing with her friends (the friends are with her)
depending on the general context and the lexical/semantic meaning of the governing verb, the analytical structure with the postposition rɛɛn is often used simply to describe an action that is performed by two entities (persons, animate beings, inanimate objects) simultaneously, in a parallel manner. in these situations, the comitative meaning is reduced or altogether absent.
kɛjŋɨn i'rgji vɛɛmɨk ŋɛvɨsqɛtɨk rɛɛn the brown bear and the woman crossed the river simultaneously, the brown bear crossed the river at the same time as the woman
Tɛgrɨnkɛv pintɨqɛtgji vopqak rɛɛn Tegrynkev and the elk appeared simultaneously, Tegrynkev appeared at the same time as the elk
this is most frequent when both or at least one of the nouns refers to an inanimate object:
gilgɨlɨk rɛɛn gɨchormɛpɨ iichgɛtgji vɨchgottoot the board and the floe drifted away from the shore simultaneously, the board drifted away from the shore at the same time as the floe
ɨlvɛk rɛɛn ɨ'tvjɛt omgjɛ the boat and the wild reindeer reached the shore simultaneously, the boat reached the shore at the same time as the wild reindeer
vɨkvɨlgɨn kuvlɨtkugji ŋinqɛjɨk rɛɛn the stone and the boy started to roll simultaneously, the stone started rolling at the same time as the boy
I declension: two cases, comitative and sociative
comitative case: joint action where both the entities, the one referred to by the noun in the nominative case and in the one referred to by the noun in the comitative case, play equally significant roles and act simultaneously
i'nɨ nɨleqin amnoŋjekvɛ gɛqɛpɛrɛ the wolf walked through the tundra together with the wolverine, the wolf and the wolverine walked through the tundra (together, but independently of each other)
umqɛtɛ rɨrɨngiivnin jatjol gɛriqukɛtɛ the polar bear encountered a fox together with a polar fox, the polar bear encountered a fox and a polar fox (together, but independently of each other)
uttuut gɛkɛjŋɛ ganlɨplätlen pɨchjɨchjɛ the log was borne away by the current together with the brown bear, the log and the brown bear were borne away by the current (together, but independently of each other)
vɨchgottoot gatɛvɛnaŋata mɛrɨnrɛ nɨjquntɛtqin gɨchormɛpɨ the board was slowly drifting away from the shore together with the oars, the board and the oars were slowly drifting away from the shore (together, but independently of each other)
sociative case: joint action where the primary role is played by the entity referred to by the noun in the nominative case, whereas the entity referred to by the noun in the socative case plays a secondary role
lüur pintɨqɛtgji umqɨ gaqajomqaqajma suddenly there appeared a polar bear with a cub (the cub was following the bear)
jatjol gatakɛchgɨma gɨntɛkvji the fox ran away with the meat (the fox carried the meat off)
qɨnvɛr gagtolen kuprɛn gamɛmɨlma finally (they) pulled out the net with the ring seal (the ring seal was trapped in the net)
tɛjuchgɨt gapɛŋvɨtrɨma ɛnmɛch gɛrɛtlinɛt (they) have already delivered the bags with flour (the bags with the flour in them)
noun (loc. case) + postposition rɛɛn: joint action where the primary role is played by the entity referred to by the noun in the locative case, whereas the entity referred to by the noun in the nominative case plays a secondary role
vopqɨ qaak rɛɛn nɛviiqin the elk is grazing with the deer (the elk is present in the vicinity or is following the deer)
riqukɛk rɛɛn jatjol gɛļulin (they) saw a fox with the polar foxes (the fox was present in the vicinity or was following the polar foxes)
umqɛk rɛɛn riquqɛt pɨkirgjɛt the polar foxes arrived with the polar bear (the polar foxes were present in the vicinity or were following the polar bear)
unjɛlɨk rɛɛn mɛmɨltɛ mɨtļunɛt (we) saw the ring seals with the seals (the ring seals were present in the vicinity or were following the other seals)
II declension: no comitative or sociative cases; comitativity is expressed exclusively through analytical means
plural personal pronoun (nom. case) + singular noun (nom. case): joint action where all the participants play equally significant roles, not necessarily simultaneous
muri Rultɨn injɛ mɨtrɛkvɛtgjɛ we including Rultyn, i.e., i and Rultyn, will set out in the morning (together and at the same time)
muri Kupli ɛmrɨngiitɛ mɨtrɛnjurkɨn we including Kupli, i.e., i and Kupli, will take turns to guard (jointly, but not at the same time)
(in the nominative structure, used to refer to two subjects/agents who are acting jointly)
ɛrgatɨk turi Kɨmjoj amnoŋɛtɨ rɛkvɛnŋɨtɨk tomorrow you (pl.) including Kymoj, i.e., you (sg.) and Kymoj, will set out for the tundra
mɨtɛnagtatɨrkɨn ŋɛlvɨļɛ muri Roptɨn we including Roptyn, i.e., i and Roptyn, are driving the herd
amqɨnjɨcho ɨtri ɨtchajqaj jarak nɨmigchirɛtqinɛt every day they including (their) aunt, i.e., he/she and his or her aunt, work at home
turi mɛŋin rotkochjɨjopanŋɨtɨk? you (pl.) including who is going to check the traps? i.e., whom are you (sg.) going to check the traps with?
muri ŋotqɛn we including this one, i.e., i and him/her
(in the ergative structure, used to refer to two objects/patients who are jointly acted upon)
muri I'ttuvji jep ɨjaajpɨ nɛļumɨk tumgɛ (our) friends saw us including Ettugi, i.e., me and Ettugi, already from afar
ɨtri Ravtukuŋa gapɛlälenat jarak (they) left them including Ravtukuna, i.e., him/her and Ravtukuna, at home
kɨtur turi eļo riŋɛnɛŋɛtɛ gɛrɛtturi last year (they) transported you (pl.) including your uncle, i.e., you (sg.) and your uncle, by plane
muri mɛŋin narapɛlämɨk? (they) are going to leave us including who? i.e., whom are they going to they leave me with?
turi ŋotqɛn you (pl.) including this one, i.e., you (sg.) and him/her
noun (loc. case) + postposition rɛɛn: joint action where one of the participants depends on the other, i.e. is present while the other performs an action or accompanies him or her
ɨtlön Ragtɨnɨrɨk rɛɛn gajalgɨtlen aŋqachormɛtɨ he moved to the seashore together with the Ragtyns (he was with the Ragtyns or accompanied them)
Ragtɨntɛ eļona rɛɛn nɨjalgɨtqɛnat the Ragtyns are moving from one location to another with (their) uncle (they are with their uncle or are accompanying him)
Rultɨtɛgnɨnɛ rɛɛn "with Rultytegin", Rultɨtɛgnɨrɨk rɛɛn "with the Rultytegins", eļona rɛɛn "with the uncle",eļorɨk rɛɛn "with the uncles", mikɨnɛ rɛɛn? "with whom (sg.)?", ŋotqɛnɨna rɛɛn "with this one", mikɨrɨk rɛɛn?"with whom (pl.)?", ŋotqɛnɨrɨk rɛɛn "with these (ones)"
III declension: all the methods of expressing comitativity that are listed above
comitative case: joint action where both the entity referred to by the noun in the nominative case and the entity referred to by the noun in the in the comitative case play equally significant roles and act simultaneously
a'achek qɨtgji gɛtumgɛ the young man went together with a friend (together, at the same time, independently of each other)
plural personal pronoun (nom. case) + singular noun (nom. case): joint action where all the participants play equally significant roles, not necessarily simultaneous
turi tumgɨtum ɛrgatɨk qɛkvɛtgɨtɨk: gɨt - injɛ, tumgɨtum - vulqɨtvik you (pl.) including a friend, i.e., you (sg.) and a friend, will set out tomorrow: you (sg.) (will set out) in the morning, (while) (your) friend (will set out) in the evening
sociative case: joint action where one of the participants depends on the other, i.e. is present while the other performs an action or accompanies him or her
ŋinqɛj gatomgɨma pɨkirgji the boy arrived with a friend/several friends (the friends were with him or were accompanying him)
noun (loc. case) + postposition rɛɛn: joint action where one of the participants depends on the other, i.e. is present while the other performs an action or accompanies him or her
ŋɛɛkkɛqɛj tumgɨk rɛɛn nuvichvɛtqɨn the girl is playing with her friends (the friends are with her)
depending on the general context and the lexical/semantic meaning of the governing verb, the analytical structure with the postposition rɛɛn is often used simply to describe an action that is performed by two entities (persons, animate beings, inanimate objects) simultaneously, in a parallel manner. in these situations, the comitative meaning is reduced or altogether absent.
kɛjŋɨn i'rgji vɛɛmɨk ŋɛvɨsqɛtɨk rɛɛn the brown bear and the woman crossed the river simultaneously, the brown bear crossed the river at the same time as the woman
Tɛgrɨnkɛv pintɨqɛtgji vopqak rɛɛn Tegrynkev and the elk appeared simultaneously, Tegrynkev appeared at the same time as the elk
this is most frequent when both or at least one of the nouns refers to an inanimate object:
gilgɨlɨk rɛɛn gɨchormɛpɨ iichgɛtgji vɨchgottoot the board and the floe drifted away from the shore simultaneously, the board drifted away from the shore at the same time as the floe
ɨlvɛk rɛɛn ɨ'tvjɛt omgjɛ the boat and the wild reindeer reached the shore simultaneously, the boat reached the shore at the same time as the wild reindeer
vɨkvɨlgɨn kuvlɨtkugji ŋinqɛjɨk rɛɛn the stone and the boy started to roll simultaneously, the stone started rolling at the same time as the boy