(no subject)

[moonflower77]

refer to a particular person without specifying their precise identity: 

 

ŋɛvɨsqɛt igɨr lünjɨlqɛtɨļɨn - (mɛŋin?) ɨtlön nɨgagchavqɛn vaŋɛplɨtkok the woman has not slept today - (who? sg.) she is in a hurry to finish sewing

a'achekɨt ɛkvɛtgjɛt - (mikɨnti?) ɨtri gɛnŋivɨlinɛt amnoŋɛtɨ the young men have set out - (who? pl.) they have been sent to the tundra

lüur qoraŋɨ pirqɨgji - ɛtjɨm (rjɛnut?) ɨtlön gɨtkamlägjɛ suddenly the reindeer fell - perhaps (who? what? sg.) it broke its leg

kɛjŋɨt ɨmjɨlöŋɛt garɨlɨtvalenat - (rjɛnutɛt?) ɨtri gɛpɛŋjivɛtlinɛt the brown bears have spent the entire day lying down - (who? what? pl.) they are tired 

gɨmɨk ujŋɛ milgɛr - (rjɛnut?) ɨtlön varkɨn tumgɨk i do not have a gun (on me, at the moment) - (who? what? sg.) is at my friend's 

ŋutku utkuchjɨn ɛnmɛch ujŋɛ - ajva (rjɛnut?) ɨtlön gantɨvatlen there is no trap here any longer - (who? what? sg.) it was set yesterday

differently from nominative nouns or interrogative, demonstrative and referential nouns, personal demonstrative pronouns make no distinction between human and non-human entities.  

 

from the grammatical perspective, they are very similar to nouns, but they also have some peculiarities that distinguish them both from nouns and from other parts of speech. personal pronouns have the grammatical categories of number, case, possession, relation, negation and delimitation (like nouns); they have no category of person, distribution or subjective evaluation (unlike nouns); they have a sequential category (unique to personal demonstrative pronouns). while they have no category of person, they may have personal-possessive or personal-relational forms. 

 

unlike other nominal parts of speech, personal demonstrative pronouns have a number distinction not only in the nominative, but in the other cases as well (expressed through changes to the stem, rather than through affixation).  

 

in the nom. case, the stem will differ depending on the person of the pronoun: 

 

1st p. sg.: gɨm "i", stem gɨm (no changes to the stem, no affixation)

2nd p. sg.: gɨt "you, sg.", stem gɨn (changes to the final consonant, no affixation)

1st p. pl.: muri "we", stem mur ~ mor (no changes to the stem, suffix)

2nd p. pl.: turi "you, pl.", stem tur ~ tor (no changes to the stem, suffix)

3rd p. sg.: ɨtlön "he, she", stem ɨn (changes to the final consonant, suffix)

3rd p. pl: ɨtri "they", stem ɨr (changes to the final consonant, suffix)

 

peculiarities of the case system:

 

instead of the orientative-dative, there are two separate cases, the dative and the orientative. the instrumental case is used only when one is referring to an animate entity; the pronoun in the instr. invariably serves as the subject, regardless of whether this animate entity is human or non-human. a pronoun cannot be used to to refer to an instrument through which an action is accomplished, no matter whether it is inanimate or animate; instead, one has to use a referential noun.

 

rjɛŋilgɛ mɨnkɨlvɛtɨn? which belt (should be used) to tie it (with)? 

ŋotqɛnata qɨnkɨlvɛtgɨn tie it with this (one), i.e., with it

rjaqaata mɛkvɛtɨk? which reindeer should i set out on?

vaj-ɨm ɨnqɛnata qɛkvɛtgji there, set out on these (ones) over here, i.e., on them

 

* special instrumental case form: -(ɨ)nan (sg.), -gɨnan (pl.);

* special dative case form: -(ɨ)kɨ; -> triggers a shift to strong vowels (probably used to be followed by the suffix -ŋ, which has been preserved in one of the dialects of chukchi and is present in the related koryak language);

* other case forms have an additional component -ɨk, which precedes the usual case suffix. in the orientative, ablative and determinative cases it is followed by the cpnnective vowel -e- ~ -a-;

* sociative and instrumental cases: [k] -> [g] in the sociative case before the consonant [m], both for the sg. and the pl. (gagɨmɨgma, gagɨnɨgma, gɨnɨgma, gamorɨgma, gatorɨgma, gɨrɨgma) and in the instrumental case after the consonant [r], only for the pl. (morgɨnan, torgɨnan, irgɨnan); 

* the locative case form is the only one that remains unchanged. here, unlike the other cases, -k is not a supplementary marker but the primary (and only) one. may indicate that all the other case forms of personal pronouns, apart from the instrumental, could have originated from the locative case forms with the help of the case suffixes used for nouns. 

 

(cf. nouns of the I decl.: refer to non-human entities, animate or inanimate, a noun in the instrumental case can refer to the subject or the instrument; nouns of the II decl.: refer to human entities, a noun in the instrumental case can only refer to the subject; personal pronouns: refer to animate entities, human or non-human, noun in the instrumental case can only refer to the subject)  

singular personal pronouns: 

 

nom.: mɛŋin? who? whom? 

gɨm "i" gɨt "you (sg.)" ɨtlön "he, him" 

instr.: mikɨnɛ? who? by whom? 

gɨmnan "i, by me" gɨnan "you, by you (sg.)" ɨnan "he, by him"

loc.: mikɨnɛ? at whose home? in whose possession?

gɨmɨk "at my home, in my possession" gɨnɨk "at your home, in your possession" ɨnɨk "at his home, in his possession"

abl.: mɛkɨnajpɨ? away from whom? 

gɨmɨkajpɨ "away from me" gɨnɨkajpɨ "away from you" ɨnɨkajpɨ "away from him"

orient.: mɛkɨnagtɨ? toward whom? 

gɨmɨkagtɨ "toward me" gɨnɨkagtɨ "toward you" ɨnɨkagtɨ "toward him"

dat.: mɛkɨna? to, for whom?

gɨmɨkɨ "to, for me" gɨnɨkɨ "to, for you" ɨnɨkɨ "to, for him"

det.: mikɨgjit? by whose example?

gɨmɨkɛgjit "by my example" gɨnɨkɛgjit "by your example" ɨnɨkɛgjit "by his example"

com.: gɛmikɛ? together with whom?

gɛgɨmɨkɛ "together with me" gɛgɨnɨkɛ "together with you" gɨnɨkɛ "together with him"

soc.: gamɛgma? in whose presence?

gagɨmɨgma "in my presence" gagɨnɨgma "in your presence" gɨnɨgma "in his presence"

design.: mikɨnu? as, instead of who?

gɨmɨku "as, instead of me" gɨnɨku "as, instead of you" ɨnɨku "as, instead of him"

 

examples:

 

gɨm vɨtku ajvɛ tɨpkirɨk amnoŋgɨpɨ i arrived from the tundra only yesterday

gɨnan ŋotqɛn qɨnrɨgɨn you (sg.) carry this!

vaj ɨnɨk rɛnvilŋɨt ŋinqɛgti the boys will stay at this one's over here

gɨmɨkajpɨ qɨrɨm ɨmɨ ɨnnɛn ɨ'ttjɨn nɨgɨntɛvɨn no dog will run away from me

raj gɨnɨkagtɨ ɛjmɛvɨrkɨn vɛtjatqor there, the reindeer that likes to butt horns is approaching you (sg.)

ɨnɨkɨ trɛjɨlŋɨnɛt ŋɨroq nɛlgɨt i will give him three more skins

qɨrɛtɛjkɨŋɨrkɨn vɨjovɛ gɨmɨkɛgjit try to make the sling like i have

ɨnŋɛ lɨmŋɛ gɨnɨkɛ a'nɛlöka it is not necessary to fish [with a rod] together with him any longer, one/you (gen.) should not fish [with a rod] together with him any longer

gagɨnɨgma qɨrɨm lɨmŋɛ mivinisqivɨk i will no longer hunt with him present (i.e., i am not taking him out to hunt anymore)

nɨmkɨqin ŋinqɛj ɨnɨku nɨrinŋɨqin many boys want to be like him

 

plural personal pronouns:

 

nom.: mikɨnti? who? whom? 

muri "we, us" turi "you (pl.)" ɨtri they, them" 

instr.: mikɨrɨk? who? by whom? 

morgɨnan "we, by us" torgɨnan "you, by you" ɨrgɨnan "they, by them"

loc.: mikɨrɨk? at whose home? in whose possession?

murɨk "at our home, in our possession" turɨk "at your home, in your possession" ɨrɨk "at their home, in their possession"

abl.: mɛkɨrgɨpɨ? away from whom? 

morɨkajpɨ "away from us" torɨkajpɨ "away from you" iɨrɨkajpɨ "away from them"

orient.: mɛkɨrgɛtɨ? toward whom? 

morɨkagtɨ "toward us" torɨkagtɨ "toward you" ɨrɨkagtɨ "toward them"

dat.: mɛkɨrɨkɨ? to, for whom?

morɨkɨ "to, for us" torɨkɨ "to, for you" ɨrɨkɨ "to, for them"

det.: mikɨrɨgjit? by whose example?

murɨkɛgjit "by our example" turɨkɛgjit "by your example" ɨrɨkɛgjit "by their example"

com.: gɛmikɨrɛ? together with whom?

gɛmurɨkɛ "together with us" gɛturɨkɛ "together with you" gɨrɨkɛ "together with them"

soc.: gamɛkɨrɨma? in whose presence?

gamorɨgma "in our presence" gatorɨgma "in your presence" gɨrɨgma "in their presence"

design.: mikɨnu? as, instead of who?

murɨku "as, instead of us" turɨku "as, instead of you" ɨrɨku "as, instead of them"

 

examples:

 

turi gɨnmɨl gɛjetturi? did you come (here) recently? 

ɨrgɨnan nɛrɛjŋɛŋɨnɛt mɨqɨchjɨt they will transport the smaller ones

qɨnvɛr murɨk pɛlätgjat ɨtrjɛch mɨngɨtkɛn qaat there are only ten reindeer left at our place

ajvɛ torɨkajpɨ gɛpkitlinɛt ɨtrjɛch ŋirɛq a'achekɨt only two young men arrived from your (pl.) place yesterday

ɨrɨkagtɨ trɛnŋivɨŋɨnɛt ŋirɛq ŋinqɛgti (i) will send two boys to them

morɨkɨ nɛrɛjɨlmɨk ŋɨraq qɛjɨtvɨt (they) will give us four whaleboats

gɨmninɛt chɨchetkinɛt turɨkɛgjit taraŋgjat my relatives have built houses following your (pl.) example

ɛrgatɨk vɛchjɨm gɛturɨkɛ mɨtrɛnjugjɛ tomorrow you (pl.) will probably guard the herd together with you (pl.) 

gɨrɨgma lɨmŋɛ chamjam trivinigjɛ i will not be able to hunt once more with them present (i.e., i will be unable to take them out hunting once more)

ɨrɨku ɨmɨ gɨt gajmaŋɛn ritgjɛ you (sg.) will also be able to be like them 

 

if a third-person pronoun refers to a non-human being, it requires the interrogative noun rjɛnut? "who? what?" (or any of its case forms), apart from situations that have been described before as exceptions.

possessive category

 

suffixes:

 

-ninɛ / -nɛna (1st p. and 2nd p., singular pronouns)

-ginɛ / -gɛna (1st p. and 2nd p., plural pronouns)

 

gɨmnin my, mine (one object) : gɨmninɛt my, mine (several objects)

gɨnin your, yours (sg.) (one object) : gɨninɛt your, yours (sg.) (several objects)

murgin our, ours (one object) : murginɛt our, ours (several objects)

turgin your, yours (pl.) (one object) : turginɛt your, yours (pl.) (several objects)

 

-in(ɛ) / -ɛn(a) (3rd p., both singular and plural pronouns)

 

ɨnin his (one object) : ɨninɛt his (several objects)

ɨrgin their, theirs (one object) : ɨrginɛt their, theirs (several objects)

 

can be used with a predicative or an attributive meaning:

 

gɨmnin ɨtlɨgɨn ɛnmɛch pɨkirgji my father has already arrived 

ŋotqɛn utkuchjɨn gɨmnin this trap is mine

 

declined in the same way as nouns, but seldom used in any case other than the nominative. this usually happens when the possessive form stands alone and is used as a replacement for the noun it modifies, which has been omitted due to ellipsis and/or is implied: 

 

mikɨnin ɛkkɛk rɛɛn ɛkvɛtgji gɨmnin ɛkɨk? with whose son did my son set out? vaj-ɨm gɛgɨmninɛtɛ i told you, with mine

maŋɛnorvɨk mɨtrilɨn tɛjuchgɨn? on whose sleigh should i put the bag? gɨmninɛk on mine

mikɨrgin jarajpɨ raj ŋɨlɨntorkɨn? whose house is smoking (over) there? from whose house is the smoke (over) there coming? (lit. from whose house is it smoking (over) there?) vɛchjɨm torgɛnajpɨ perhaps from yours (pl.)

opopɨ ŋotqɛn chaat irginegjit qitejkigin (you, sg.) will have to make this lasso using theirs as a model

ŋutku varkɨn ɨtrjɛch ɨnnɛn milgɛr, ɨtlɨgɨn vɛchjɨm gɨnɛnama ivinigji there is only one rifle here, father probably went hunting with his (rifle)

rjaqaata gɨt rjirɛsqivɨ? on which reindeer will you be competing? (i.e., which reindeer will you use to participate in the race?) opopɨ gɨninɛtɛ (i) will have to use yours (sg.)

vajɨŋqɛnat qaat murginɛnu tɨlgɨnɛt count those reindeer as ours! (2nd p. sg. imp.)

 

if the noun being modified stands in a case other than the nominative, it usually incorporates the possessive form:

 

a) as the corresponding personal pronoun in the -(ɨ)k form (k -> g) [more common]

b) as the full possessive form [only when the fact of belonging to or ownership by a particular person has to be emphasized]

 

gɨmɨgmilgɛrɛ (gɨmninɛmilgɛrɛ) chamjam ranmɨŋɨn ɨmɨ pipiqɨlgɨn with my rifle (you, sg.) will not be able to kill even a mouse

morɨkorvɨk (morɨkɛnaorvɨk) pagtɨt chɨŋatgjat the runners on our sledges have cracked

ɨrɨgŋalvɨļɛpɨ (ɨrɨkɛnaŋalvɨļɛpɨ) gɨntɛkvjɛt qlikkin qaat twenty reindeer ran away from their herd 

lɨmŋɛ qɨrɨm torɨkotkochjɛtɨ (torɨkɛnaotkochjɛtɨ) mɛjmɛvɨk i will not approach your (pl.) traps again

qɨlerkɨn ɨrɨkjɨtvɨgjit (ɨrɨkinɛɨ'tvɨgjit) move along according to (the trajectory of) their boat

gɛgɨnɨkjɨttjɛ (gɛgɨninɛɨ'ttjɛ) gɨmninɛt tɨkvutɨnɛt (together) with your (sg.) dogs (i) have tied mine

ajvɛ gatorɨgkoprama (gatorɨkɛnakoprama) qɨtgjɛt gɨtgɛtɨ yesterday (they) left for the lake with your (pl.) fishing net

ŋotqɛn pɛɛchvak javrɛna gɨmɨkɛkvɛvu (gɨmninɛɛkvɛvu) ritgjɛ this young buck will be my left-hand reindeer (i.e., the left-hand reindeer in my harness) next year

 

very rarely, if the logical emphasis lies on the noun being modified (possessum), the possessive form can be used as a separate word, unincorporated, and does not agree with the noun it modifies:

 

gɨmnin milgɛrɛ nanmɨnat ŋɨroq mɛmɨltɛ (they) killed three ring seals with my rifle 

murgin jarak igɨr varkɨt rɛmkɨļɨt there are guests inside our house right now

 

even more rarely, the possessive form can be used as a separate word (unincorporated) and agrees with the noun it modifies: 

 

nɛnjegtɛlevmɨk turginɛtɛ tumgɛ your (2nd p. pl.) friend saved (us) 

jep ŋirɛq tɛjuchgɨt pɛlätgjat gɨmninɛk orvɨk two more bags remain on my sledge 

 

if the noun being modified is in the nominative case, the possessive form is never incorporated: 

 

gɨtgɨk qacha murgin ŋɛlvɨl nɨtvaqɛn our herd is (situated, found) near the lake

 

if the possessor is a human, these forms require the interrogative word mikɨn(in)? (whose? belonging to whom? of whom), or, if the possessor is a non-human, rɛqin? (whose? belonging to who/what? of whom/what?). 

 

may have possessive-personal forms. 1st and 2nd person pronouns can only take the markers of a different person, never the same one (2nd and 3rd person for first-person pronouns, 1st and 3rd person for second-person pronouns):

 

gɨmninɛjgɨt you (sg.) are mine; gɨmninɛturi you (pl.) are mine

gɨninɛjgɨm i am yours (sg.); gɨninɛmuri we are yours (sg.)

murginɛjgɨt you (sg.) are ours; murginɛturi you (pl.) are ours

turginɛjgɨm i am yours (pl.); turginɛmuri we are yours (pl.)

 

3rd person pronouns can take the markers of any person (including third): 

 

ɨninɛjgɨm i am his; ɨninɛjgɨt you (sg.) are his; ɨninɛmuri we are his; ɨninɛturi you (pl.) are his

ɨrginɛjgɨm i am theirs; ɨrginɛjgɨt you (sg.) are theirs; ɨrginɛmuri we are theirs; ɨrginɛturi you (pl.) are theirs

 

however, when the possessum is in the third person, the personal-possessive form of the pronoun is identical to the simple possessive form in the nominative case:

 

gɨmnin mine, my (one) or he is mine; gɨmninɛt mine, my (several) or they are mine

gɨnin your, yours (one, 2nd p. sg.) or he is yours; gɨninɛt your, yours (several, 2nd p. sg.) or they are yours

ɨnin his (one) or he is his; ɨninɛt his (several) or they are his

murgin our, ours (one) or he is ours; murginɛt our, ours (several) or they are ours

turgin your, yours (one, 2nd p. pl.) or he is yours; turginɛt your, yours (several, 2nd p. pl.) or they are yours

ɨrgin their, theirs (one) or he is theirs; ɨrginɛt their, theirs (several) or they are theirs

 

the possessive-personal forms of pronouns may be used with a predicative or an attributive-predicative meaning:

 

gɨm gɨninɛjgɨm ɛpɛjgɨm i am your (sg.) grandpa

gɨt murginɛjgɨt inɛnjegtɛlevɨļigɨt you (sg.) are our savior

muri ɨninɛmuri tɨŋɛvɨjomorɛ ŋalvɨļɛtɨ we are his messengers to the herd (i.e., he has sent us to the herd)

turi alɨmɨ ɨninɛturi tumgɨturi after all, you (pl.) are his friends

ŋotqɛn ŋinqɛj ɨnin ɛkɨk this boy is his son

gɨt-ɨm, gɨmninɛjgɨt vinrɛtɨļigɨt, ɨrɨk rɛɛn qɨlqɨtgi and you (sg.), my assistant, go with them!

muri gɨninɛmuri vɨjoļɨmorɛ, ɛgɨttagnɛpɨ qɨrɨm gɨnɨk mɨnmigchirɛnmɨk we, your (sg.) workers, are not going to work at your home from this day onward

ŋotqɛnat-ɨm ɨrginɛt tɛvɨļɨt after all, these are their oarsmen

 

relational category

 

used to indicate that an object does not belong to a particular person, but is merely connected to them in some other way (familiar to them, stored at their home, temporarily used by them, made by them, typical for the location they are from, registered in their name, etc.)

 

compare:

 

gɨmnin rɛmkɨļɨn my guest (a guest that has arrived to see me) : gɨmɨkɛkin rɛmkɨļɨn my guest (a guest that has arrived from my place of residence or a guest of the whole village that is staying at my home)

 

murgin qoraŋɨ our reindeer (a reindeer we own) : murɨkɛkin qoraŋɨ our reindeer (a reindeer that we have bred and/or raised, that is from our location or that we are accountable for)

 

turgin ɨ'tvjɛt your boat (a boat you own) : murɨkɛkin ɨ'tvjɛt your boat (a boat that has arrived from your location, that is made as is customary where you live, or that is registered in your name) 

 

suffix: -kɛkinɛ ~ -kakɛna 

 

there is no variation, the suffix stays the same both for singular and plural pronouns (unlike possessive forms). only the number of the object that is related to someone is reflected: for a singular object, the final vowel of the suffix is dropped, whereas for a plural object, it is restored and directly followed by the plural suffix -t. 

 

gɨmɨkɛkin utkuchjɨn a trap related to me, my trap : gɨmɨkɛkinɛt utkuchjɨt traps related to me, my traps

murɨkɛkin ɨnpɨnachgɨn an old man related to us, our old man : murɨkɛkinɛt ɨnpɨnachgɨt old men related to us, our old men

 

the "possessor" may only be a human. relational forms of pronouns require the interrogative word miŋkɛkin? (related to whom?). 

 

in the nominative case, the relational forms of pronouns can be used with an attributive or predicative meaning. if they serve as an attribute, they usually do not agree with the noun they modify; on the other hand, if they serve as a predicate, they agree with the subject in number. 

 

murɨkɛkin ɨnpɨnachgɨn (ɨnpɨnachgɨt) ɛnmɛch pɨkirgji (pɨkirgjɛt) our old man (old men) has already arrived (have already arrived)

vs.

ŋotqɛn ɨnpɨnachgɨn murɨkɛkin this old man is ours (he lives or comes from the same location)
ŋotqɛnat ɨnpɨnachgɨt murɨkɛkinɛt these old men are ours (they live or come from the same location)

can be declined. take cases other than the nominative when they stand alone and are used as a replacement for the noun they modify, which has been omitted due to ellipsis or is implied: 

miŋkɛkinɛtɛ ganmɨlen umqɨ? by whose (people) (by the people connected to whom) has the bear been killed? murɨkɛkinɛtɛ by ours (by the people connected to us)
mɛŋkakɛnagtɨ gɛrɛtlin qoratjol? for whose (people) (for the people connected to whom) has the reindeer meat been brought? torɨkakɛnagtɨ for yours (pl.) (for the people connected to you)
miŋkɛkinɛk varkɨt mjɛmit? whose (people) (the people connected to whom) have cartridges? ɨrɨkɛkinɛk theirs (the people connected to them)

if there is no logical emphasis on the relational form, it is incorporated by the noun it modifies:

gɨmɨkɛkinɛɨ'ttjɛ vanɛvan ɨ'npɛnrɨnat qaat my dogs (the ones i look after) do not attack reindeer
torɨkakɛnaorvɨk mɨlegji pagtɨlgɨqach one of your sleigh's (the one you are using or are accountable for) runners broke
ɨnɨkakɛnamɛlgarɛtɨ chamjam mɨtrajpanŋɨn pɛvipɛv we will not be able to attach a butt to his rifle (the one he is using or is accountable for)
torɨkakɛnaɨ'tvɛpɨ ɛnmɛch nɛjpɛnɛt kimitjɨt (they) have already unloaded the goods from your (pl.) boat (the one you are using or are accountable for)

if there is a logical emphasis on the "possessor" (the person to whom the object in question is related), the relational form stands separate (unincorporated) and, depending on the degree of the emphasis, does not agree (weaker emphasis) or agrees (stronger emphasis) with the noun it modifies:  

murɨkɛkin (murɨkɛkinɛk) ɨ'tvɨk tɨlenɛŋ chimɛtgji the sail on our boat (the one we are using or are accountable for) tore
turɨkɛkin (turɨkɛkinɛtɛ) qaata ɨtrjɛch ŋɨroqavo pɨkirgji (he) only came third on your (pl.) reindeer (the ones bred at your location) 
gɨnɨkɛkin (gɨnɨkakɛnajpɨ) orvɛpɨ ŋɨroq ɨ'ttjɨt ŋɨtgjɛt three dogs tore loose from your (sg.) sleigh (the one you are using or are accountable for)

the only exception are the circumfixal cases (comitative and sociative), where the relational form is always incorporated: 

gatorɨkakɛnaqaata ɨmɨ gɨmnin ɛviirkɨt my (reindeer) also graze together with your (pl.) reindeer (the ones you look after or are accountable for)
gagɨnɨkakɛnamɛlgarma qol ivinisqikvji another (someone else) went hunting with your (sg.) rifle (the one registered in your name)

when in the nominative case, a relational form of a pronoun that serves as an attribute is never incoprorated: 

murɨkɛkin(ɛt) ŋɛvɨsqɛtti ɨnantamɛnŋɨchjɨt vaŋɛk our women (the ones from our village) sew better than everyone else
gɨmɨkɛkin(ɛt) a'achekɨt ɛnmɛch kɨjekvjɛt my young men (the ones staying at my home) have already woken up

 

may have relational-personal forms. these may be used with an attributive-predicative or a predicative meaning:

 

gɨnɨkɛkinɛmuri rɨjuļɨmuri, ɨnŋɛ ɛ'qɛliŋɛtkɛ do not be afraid, we are your (sg.) shepherds (the ones you are in charge of)
gɨt qɨtlɨgi ɨmɨ murɨkɛkinɛjgit so, as it turns out, you (sg.) are also ours (from the same location as we)
gɨmɨkɛkinɛjgɨt a'achekɛgɨt, ŋanqo qɛjmɛkvi my young man (the one who is paired with me in this game), come here (2nd p. sg. imp.)
gɨm alɨmɨ gɨnɨkɛkinɛjgɨm, ia'm ɛ'nqu inɛlgɨrkɨn after all, i am yours (sg.) (you are responsible for me), why are you renouncing me?
ŋotqɛn ɨ'tvjɛt murɨkɛkin this boat is ours (made at our location)
murɨkɛkinɛjgɨt kɛlinɨgjivɛtɨļigɨt, murɨk rɛɛn rɛkvɛtɨ you (sg.), our teacher (the one from our village), will come with us
ɛvɨr turi ɨrɨkɛkinɛturi, vajɨnrɛ qɨlqɨtgɨtɨk if you (pl.) are theirs (from the same location as them), go over there
muri-ɨm itɨk ɨnɨkɛkinɛmuri tɛvɨļɨmorɛ why, we are his oarsmen (the ones connected to him)

sequential category

 

indicates that the person specified should be next to perform a particular action (next in a sequence):

 

singular pronouns: -rjam

 

gɨmrjam (now) me [now is my turn to do this]

gɨnrjam (now) you (sg.) [now is your turn to do this]

ɨnrjam (now) him [now is his turn to do this]

 

plural pronouns: -gɨnrjam

 

morgɨnrjam (now) us [now is our turn to do this]

torgɨnrjam (now) you (pl.) [now is your turn to do this]

ɨrgɨnrjam (now) them [now is their turn to do this]

 

the sequential form is purely syntactic, and, as such, is used only in the nominative case. may be the subject or the direct object in a sentence. 

 

kita-kun gɨmrjam mɨralegjak there, let me ride down the hill now

i'nnuk rɨmagtɨ gɨnrjam trjɛmɛtgɨt (once we are) over the hill, i will give a ride to you (sg.) in turn

ɨnrjam nɨmilgɛrɨtkugjɛn let him be the one to take a shot now

morgɨnrjam ŋutinjɨtvɛ mɨtrivinigjɛ now it will be our turn to hunt in this boat

torgɨnrjam mɨtrɛnŋivɨntɨk otkochjɨjopatɨnvɛtɨ now (we) will send you (pl.) to check the traps

ɨrgɨnrjam mɨnɨnvakjovɨnat ɨ'tvɨtkɨnɨk now (we) will get them to sit down in the boat

 

when the pronoun in question takes a case other than the nominative (e.g. if it is the direct object), one has to use an analytical structure: 

 

ɨnrjam (adverb formed from the sequential form of the 3rd p. sg. pronoun) + required case form of the appropriate personal pronoun: ɨnrjam gɨmɨk "now at my home", ɨnrjam morɨkajpɨ "now from us", ɨnrjam gɨmɨkɨ "now for me", ɨnrjam gɨrɨkɛ "now with them", ɨnrjam murɨk "now at our home", ɨnrjam torɨkajpɨ "now from you (pl.)", etc. 

 

ɨnrjam gɨmɨkɨ qɨtɛjkɨgɨn taa'kojŋɨn now make a pipe for me (2nd p. sg. imp.)

ɨnrjam murɨk nɨtkivɨn ɛpɨ let grandpa spend the night at ours' now

ɨnrjam torɨkajpɨ naranļatatɨŋŋoŋɨnat nɛlgɨt now (they) will start to transport the skins away from your (pl.) place

ɨnrjam gɨrɨkɛ muŋɛlɨk now i will go to fetch firewood with them

 

if the pronoun is the subject (agent) of a transitive action, the sequential meaning can be expressed in two ways: 1) ɨnrjam + pronoun (instr. case) or 2) sequential form of the pronoun (nom. case) 

 

gɨnrjam / ɨnrjam gɨnan (now) you (sg.) [do it]

torgɨnrjam / ɨnrjam torgɨnan (now) you (pl.) [do it]

ɨnrjam gɨnan (gɨnrjam) qɨgrɨgɨn pɛnvɛl now you (sg.) catch a young bull!

ɨnrjam torgɨnan (torgɨnrjam) qimtigɨtkɨ tɛkichgɨt now you (pl.) carry the meat!

 

the sequential forms of pronouns could have appeared after the locative case form of the pronoun had fused with the sequential form of the 3rd p. sg. pronoun, ɨnrjam. 

 

privative category

 

used to refer to the fact that a particular person is absent and does not take part in an action. requires the same circumfix as the one used for nouns, with the addition of the suffix -k. 

 

ɛ-...-kkɛ (1st and 2nd person pronouns, which begin with a consonant)

 

ɛgɨmɨkkɛ without me

ɛgɨnɨkkɛ without you (sg.)

ɛmurɨkkɛ without us

ɛturɨkkɛ without you (pl.)

 

opopɨ igɨr ɛgɨmɨkkɛ qɛlkɨtɨk you (pl.) will have to set out (to sea) without me today

ɛgɨnɨkkɛ vɛchjɨm a'tkɛvma mɨnjɨnɨmɨtvarkɨn (we) would probably live poorly without you (sg.)

ɨtri ɛmurɨkkɛ qɨrɨm nɨjɨlqɛtɨnɛt they are not going to sleep without us

javrɛna vɛchjɨm ɛturɨkkɛ mɨtrajalgɨtɨrkɨn perhaps we will move (as nomads) next year without you (pl.)

 

-kkɛ, no prefix (3rd person pronouns, which begin with a vowel)

 

ɨnɨkkɛ without him

ɨrɨkkɛ without them

 

gɨm-ɨm qɨrɨm ɨnɨkkɛ mɛkvɛtɨk well, i will not set out without him

ɛvɨr ɨrɨkkɛ rɛjetɨ, qɨrɨm mɨnvɛtgavatgɨt if you (sg.) come without them, i will not talk to you

delimitative category 

requires the same prefix as that of nouns, ɛm-  ~ am-:

qɨnvɛr ɛmgɨmɨk pɛlätgjat ŋirɛq mjɛmit finally, i was the only one to still have two cartridges left (lit. two cartridges were left only at/with/by me)
qɨtlɨgi ammorɨkajpɨ nitkɛnɛt ɨ’ttjɨt as it turned out, we were the only ones whose dogs were taken away (lit. (they) took away dogs only from us)
ɨnqɛn qɛjuu amɨnɨkagtɨ nɛjmɛvqin he is the only one whom that calf will approach (lit. that calf approaches only him)
amgɨnɨkɨ tɨtvɨgjan ŋotqɛn pɨŋɨl you (sg.) are the only one i told this bit of news (lit. i told this bit of news only to you)
ŋɛɛkkɛqɛgtɨ nɨvaŋɛqɛnat ɛmturɨkɛgjit we are the only ones whom the girls use as an example when they sew (lit. the girls sew only following our example)
ɨtlön gɛmɨrɨkɛ niviniqin they are the only ones with whom he hunts (lit. he hunts only with them)
igɨr gamtorɨgma mɨtrɛlqɨtɨ gɨtgɛtɨ you (pl.) are the only ones who will go with us to the lakeside today (lit. today (we) will go to the lake only with you)
ŋinqɛgti ɛmgɨnɨku rɛrinŋɨrkɨt you (sg.) are the only one the boys want to emulate (lit. the boys want to be only like you)
qɨtlɨgi ajvɛ amtorgɨnan gɛnumɛkɛvɨlin ŋɛlvɨl as it turned out, yesterday you (pl.) assembled the herd single-handedly (lit. as it turned out, yesterday only you (pl.) assembled the herd)

as with nouns, the delimitative form may take possessive or relational markers. these composite forms may in turn take personal or case suffixes: ɛmmurginɛtɛ "only (by) ours", amgɨnɛnajpɨ "only from yours (sg.)", ɛmɨrɨkɛkinɛk "only with/at theirs (the people who live in the same location as them", amgɨmɨkakɛnagtɨ "only for mine (the people i am in charge of)" etc. 

ɛmmurginɛk ɨ'tvɨk pɛlätgjɛ mɨtqɨmɨt our boat is the only one with some oil left (lit. oil is left only in our boat)
amtorɨkakɛnagtɨ a'achekɛtɨ nɛjɨlɨnɛt pɛrɛjot your (pl.) young men (those who live in the same location) were the only ones (they) gave prizes to (lit. (they) gave prizes only to your young men)
ɨmɨļotorɛ ɛmgɨmninɛturi rɛmkɨļɨturi all of you (pl.) are my guests - mine, and no-one else's (lit. all of you are only my guests)
ɛmmurɨkɛkinɛturi gɨmɨk rɛɛn rɛkvɛnŋɨtɨk ours (those who live in the same location) will be the only ones to go with me (lit. only ours will go with me)

the delimitative form can take any case except for the nominative (unlike that of nouns!). the function of the nominative case is taken over by the instrumental case:
 
ammorgɨnan only we or only (by) us
amtorgɨnan only you (pl.) or only (by) you (pl.)
amgɨmnan only i or only (by) me
amɨnan only he or only (by) him
amɨrgɨnan only they or only (by) them
 
igɨr ammorgɨnan mɨtrɛkvɛtgjɛ amnoŋɛtɨ we will be the only ones to set out for the tundra today (lit. today only we will set out for the tundra)
amgɨmnan tɨpɛlätɨk ɨ'tvɨk i was the only one who remained in the boat (lit. only i remained in the boat)
amɨrgɨnan qɨrɨm nɨjalgɨtɨnat they will be the only ones not to move [as nomads do] (lit. only they will not move)
amɨnan ɛ'nqɛtgji rɨmagtɛtɨ tɨlek he was the only one to refuse to go any further (lit. only he refused to go any further)
ajvɛ ammorgɨnan gapɛlämorɛ ŋɛlvɨļɨk we were left on our own in the herd yesterday (lit. (they) left only us in the herd yesterday)
amtorgɨnan nɛrɛnŋɛlqivɛnŋɨtɨk ɨ'tvɨk we will be the only ones to be seated in the boat (lit. (they) will sit only us down in the boat)
 
like that of nouns, the delimitative form of personal pronouns can combine with the two emphatic prefixes, tɛŋ- ~ taŋ- and pɨch-, both of which precede the delimitative prefix: 
 
taŋamgɨmnan nɨnnɨŋɨttigɨm gɨtgɨk i am the only one who ever fishes in the lake, no-one ever fishes in the lake but me
tɛŋɛmturɨk qɨrɨm rjɛnut nɨtɨmŋɛvɨn you (pl.) are the only ones to never, ever lose anything
pɨchammorgɨnan mɨtɨnmɨnat rɨrkat after all, we were the only ones to kill some walruses
pɨchamgɨnɨkagtɨ nɛjɨlɨn liŋɨtkuchjɨn after all, you were the only one (they) gave a watch to