(no subject)
Dec. 1st, 2012 10:54 pm![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
moonflower77adverbs
peculiarity: differ from all the other major parts of speech in that they cannot be inflected (they are neither conjugated, like verbs, nor declined, like nouns).
refer to the property (quality) of an action:
nɨjɨgjɛv kɨtgɨntatgjɛ (he) ran quickly
chejvɛ ɛkvɛtgji (he) set out on foot
mɛrɨnrɛ vɛtgavɨŋogjɛ (
ŋirɛche milgɛrɨtkugji (he) took a shot twice
riqukɛmil ɛ'jŋɛgji (he) yelped like a polar fox
some adverbs may also refer to a qualitative property of an action or entity (object), or to its degree:
kolö nɨgichivqin very interesting (of an entity) vs. kolö nɨgichivjɛv very interesting(ly) (of an action, process or state)
jarat njomrɨqɛn rather firm vs. jarat njomrjav very firm(ly)
ɨnŋatal nitchɨqin exceptionally heavy vs. ɨnŋatal nitchjɛv exceptionally heav(il)y
other adverbs refer to the conditions (circumstances) in which an action takes place:
chɨmche pivrɛgji (it) surfaced nearby
ajvɛ pɨkirgji (he) arrived yesterday
mragtɨ pjultɨgji (he) turned to the right
ɛlek nɨjalgɨtqɛnat (they) move (as nomads do) in the summer
ɛvachagtɨ virigji (he) descended downward
if two adverbs of this latter group are combined, one of them serves to further specify (clarify) the situation wherein the action is taking place:
igɨr vulkɨtvik gɨntɛkvji (it, he) ran away today in the evening
qonpɨ jaachɨ nɨleqin (it) is constantly moving at the back
jep injɛ ɛkvɛtgji (he) set out in the morning already
adverbs may be used to modify both finite verb forms, as in the examples listed above, and non-finite ones.
infinitive: nuntɨmjɛv vakjotvak "to sit, be sitting calmly", nɨkitɛ kɨjevɨk "to wake up at night"
adverbial participle: mɛrɨnrɛ ajmavma "while slowly approaching", jalgɨnma ļɛleŋkɨ "while moving (as nomads do) in winter"
negative verb form: nɨläpläpjav ɛjɨlkɛ "to not give wastefully", igɨr antoka "to not come in (into a dwelling) today"
may also modify deverbal N-class words:
participle: korgɛtɨ uvichvɛtɨļɨn "one who is playing joyfully" [uvichvɛtɨk], ɨjaagtɨ gɨntɛvɨļ
abstract deverbal nouns that refer to processes or actions and are formed using the suffix -gɨrg- (only possible with adverbs that refer to a property/attribute): nɨqitpjɛv mɛgcheratgɨrgɨn "diligent work, lit. diligently [process, act of] working" [migchirɛtɨk], chechavɛtɨ rɨgjevatgɨrgɨn "understandable explanation, lit. understandably [process, act of] explaining" [rɨgjivɛtɨk]
adverbs can be divided into nominative, demonstrative and interrogative.
nominative adverbs: the most numerous and diverse group of adverbs (see below).
nurjɛv long, for a long time; (it is) long, lengthy (doing sth.), nɨqitpjɛv diligently, nɨtjivjɛv persistently, anŋɛnagtɨ angrily, in a bad-tempered manner, pɛrkɨletɨ stuffily, in a sultry way; (it is) stuffy, sultry (somewhere), pannɛtɨ sadly, sorrowfully; (it is, feels) sad, sorrowful (somewhere, to do sth.), nɨmkjɛv many, much; a lot, lots, ŋɨrocha thrice, three times, ŋirɛnleŋu as/being two, as a twosome, as a group of two, amŋɨrojono in twos, two at a time, two by two, arɨchga (while) lying down, in a lying position, quvlikɛ alone, (all) on one's own; (it is, feels) lonely, solitary (somewhere, to do sth.), vakjota (while) sitting down, in a sitting position, ɛqulikɛ silently, without speaking, aŋoka prosperous, wealthy, without hardship, ɨjaa far (away), ɛvɨcha down, below, at the bottom, ɛtɛgjeŋkɛ unwillingly, reluctantly, manaŋ helter-skelter, in all directions, ɛrgatɨk tomorrow, ɨnqorɨ later, then, afterward, nɨkitɛ at night
demonstrative adverbs: a much less numerous, limited group; however, they are still more diverse than in many other languages, due to the fact that chukchi has an extensive vocabulary for describing spatial relationships, especially when it comes to the location where an action is taking place.
ŋutku here (where the speaker is)
ɨnkɨ there (not where the speaker is)
ŋoonko there (further away from the speaker)
ŋaanko there (far from the speaker)
gaanko there (very far from the speaker)
vajɨŋqɨ over there (as indicated by the speaker)
ŋotɨŋqɨ there (behind the speaker)
rajɨŋqɨ there (behind the listener)
ŋutrilɨ here (toward the speaker)
ɨnkɨrilɨ there (away from the speaker)
ŋotɛnqach here (this side of sth.)
ŋotɨŋqach there (further away, behind the speaker)
rajɨŋqach there (further away, behind the listener)
interrogative adverbs: an even more limited and very small group.
miŋkɨri? how? in what way? in what manner?
miŋkɛmil? in what way? in what manner? whose way? similar to whom? to what degree (extent)? how much? how fully?
peculiarity: differ from all the other major parts of speech in that they cannot be inflected (they are neither conjugated, like verbs, nor declined, like nouns).
refer to the property (quality) of an action:
nɨjɨgjɛv kɨtgɨntatgjɛ (he) ran quickly
chejvɛ ɛkvɛtgji (he) set out on foot
mɛrɨnrɛ vɛtgavɨŋogjɛ (
ŋirɛche milgɛrɨtkugji (he) took a shot twice
riqukɛmil ɛ'jŋɛgji (he) yelped like a polar fox
some adverbs may also refer to a qualitative property of an action or entity (object), or to its degree:
kolö nɨgichivqin very interesting (of an entity) vs. kolö nɨgichivjɛv very interesting(ly) (of an action, process or state)
jarat njomrɨqɛn rather firm vs. jarat njomrjav very firm(ly)
ɨnŋatal nitchɨqin exceptionally heavy vs. ɨnŋatal nitchjɛv exceptionally heav(il)y
other adverbs refer to the conditions (circumstances) in which an action takes place:
chɨmche pivrɛgji (it) surfaced nearby
ajvɛ pɨkirgji (he) arrived yesterday
mragtɨ pjultɨgji (he) turned to the right
ɛlek nɨjalgɨtqɛnat (they) move (as nomads do) in the summer
ɛvachagtɨ virigji (he) descended downward
if two adverbs of this latter group are combined, one of them serves to further specify (clarify) the situation wherein the action is taking place:
igɨr vulkɨtvik gɨntɛkvji (it, he) ran away today in the evening
qonpɨ jaachɨ nɨleqin (it) is constantly moving at the back
jep injɛ ɛkvɛtgji (he) set out in the morning already
adverbs may be used to modify both finite verb forms, as in the examples listed above, and non-finite ones.
infinitive: nuntɨmjɛv vakjotvak "to sit, be sitting calmly", nɨkitɛ kɨjevɨk "to wake up at night"
adverbial participle: mɛrɨnrɛ ajmavma "while slowly approaching", jalgɨnma ļɛleŋkɨ "while moving (as nomads do) in winter"
negative verb form: nɨläpläpjav ɛjɨlkɛ "to not give wastefully", igɨr antoka "to not come in (into a dwelling) today"
may also modify deverbal N-class words:
participle: korgɛtɨ uvichvɛtɨļɨn "one who is playing joyfully" [uvichvɛtɨk], ɨjaagtɨ gɨntɛvɨļ
abstract deverbal nouns that refer to processes or actions and are formed using the suffix -gɨrg- (only possible with adverbs that refer to a property/attribute): nɨqitpjɛv mɛgcheratgɨrgɨn "diligent work, lit. diligently [process, act of] working" [migchirɛtɨk], chechavɛtɨ rɨgjevatgɨrgɨn "understandable explanation, lit. understandably [process, act of] explaining" [rɨgjivɛtɨk]
adverbs can be divided into nominative, demonstrative and interrogative.
nominative adverbs: the most numerous and diverse group of adverbs (see below).
nurjɛv long, for a long time; (it is) long, lengthy (doing sth.), nɨqitpjɛv diligently, nɨtjivjɛv persistently, anŋɛnagtɨ angrily, in a bad-tempered manner, pɛrkɨletɨ stuffily, in a sultry way; (it is) stuffy, sultry (somewhere), pannɛtɨ sadly, sorrowfully; (it is, feels) sad, sorrowful (somewhere, to do sth.), nɨmkjɛv many, much; a lot, lots, ŋɨrocha thrice, three times, ŋirɛnleŋu as/being two, as a twosome, as a group of two, amŋɨrojono in twos, two at a time, two by two, arɨchga (while) lying down, in a lying position, quvlikɛ alone, (all) on one's own; (it is, feels) lonely, solitary (somewhere, to do sth.), vakjota (while) sitting down, in a sitting position, ɛqulikɛ silently, without speaking, aŋoka prosperous, wealthy, without hardship, ɨjaa far (away), ɛvɨcha down, below, at the bottom, ɛtɛgjeŋkɛ unwillingly, reluctantly, manaŋ helter-skelter, in all directions, ɛrgatɨk tomorrow, ɨnqorɨ later, then, afterward, nɨkitɛ at night
demonstrative adverbs: a much less numerous, limited group; however, they are still more diverse than in many other languages, due to the fact that chukchi has an extensive vocabulary for describing spatial relationships, especially when it comes to the location where an action is taking place.
ŋutku here (where the speaker is)
ɨnkɨ there (not where the speaker is)
ŋoonko there (further away from the speaker)
ŋaanko there (far from the speaker)
gaanko there (very far from the speaker)
vajɨŋqɨ over there (as indicated by the speaker)
ŋotɨŋqɨ there (behind the speaker)
rajɨŋqɨ there (behind the listener)
ŋutrilɨ here (toward the speaker)
ɨnkɨrilɨ there (away from the speaker)
ŋotɛnqach here (this side of sth.)
ŋotɨŋqach there (further away, behind the speaker)
rajɨŋqach there (further away, behind the listener)
interrogative adverbs: an even more limited and very small group.
miŋkɨri? how? in what way? in what manner?
miŋkɛmil? in what way? in what manner? whose way? similar to whom? to what degree (extent)? how much? how fully?
mikɨmil? migmil? as, like who?
rɛqɨmil? rjɛmil? as, like what?
tjɛrɨnleŋu? in what numbers? how many? being how many? as a group of how many?
ɛmtjɛtjunu? in what number (quantity)? by what number (quantity)? what number (quantity) each, apiece? what number (quantity) at a time?
tjɛche? how many times?
miŋkɨ? (situated, located) where?
tjɛche? how many times?
miŋkɨ? (situated, located) where?
miŋkɛtɛ? where? through, along which place?
miŋkɛgjit? in which direction? using what as a landmark?
miŋkɨri(lɨ)? where to?
mɛŋqo(rɨ)? where from?
titɛ? when?
mɛŋkatagnɛpɨ? from, since when?
mɛŋkatagnɛtɨ? until, till when?
mɛŋqo(rɨ)? where from?
titɛ? when?
mɛŋkatagnɛpɨ? from, since when?
mɛŋkatagnɛtɨ? until, till when?
ia'm? why?
determinative (attributive) adverbs
characterize the properties (qualities) of an action, its nature and the manner in which it is performed, as well as any quantitative shades of the action itself or of its properties (qualities).
may be further subdivided into three groups: 1) qualitative adverbs; 2) adverbs of manner; 3) quantitative adverbs.
1) qualitative adverbs. refer to the qualitative property (attribute) of an action. require the interrogative word miŋkɨri? how? have degrees of comparison.
nɨmɛļɛv well; (it is) good (somewhere, to do sth.)
ɛtchetɨ hard, heavily; (it is) heavy, hard (to do sth.)
nɨtjivjɛv persistently
mɨtlögtɨ in an agile, nimble way
nivɨpjɛv shyly
qɛtpɛtɨ diligently
a'tkɛvma badly, poorly
mɛrɨnrɛ slowly
2) adverbs of manner. describe the manner (way, mode) in which the action is performed. require the same interrogative word as qualitative adverbs, miŋkɨri? how? in what way? in what manner? however, unlike qualitative adverbs, they have no degrees of comparison.
vinvɛ secretly, in secret
vɨtrɨŋ supine (to lie, fall)
mɛtkiit (just) barely, hardly
ɨnŋot thus, so, this way, that way
chejvɛ on foot
vɛtgɨrɨ straight (ahead)
alvaŋ differently, another way
o'raŋ openly, honestly, sincerely
lüur suddenly, all of a sudden
there are several subgroups that stand somewhat apart from the rest. normally, all of them require the general interrogative word miŋkɨri? if stressed, each subgroup will require a special question of its own, common only to this specific subgroup.
a) comparative and identificational adverbs: require the interrogative word miŋkɛmil? whose way? similar to whom? or mikɨmil? migmil? as, like who? rɛqɨmil? rjɛmil? as, like what?
lɨgoravɛtļamɛl the chukchi way, as a chukchi, lit. as a true person, in the way of true people
ɨnpɨjanvɨmɛl as, like an old man
gɨmɨgmil my way, as i would have it
umqɛmil as, like a polar bear
qoramɛl as, like a reindeer
vɛɛmmil as, like a river
b) adverbs of joint or solitary action: require the interrogative word tjɛrɨnleŋu? in what numbers? how many? being how many? as a group of how many?
ŋɨronläŋo as a threesome, as a group of three, being three
ŋirɛnleŋu as a twosome, as a group of two, being two
nɨmkinleŋu in great numbers
ɨnnɛnleŋu alone, on one's own, lit. one, as one, being one
tjɛrkinɛnleŋu in small numbers
ŋɨranläŋo as a foursome, as a group of four, being four
c) divisional adverbs: require the interrogative word ɛmtjɛtjunu? in what number (quantity)? by what number (quantity)? what number (quantity) each, apiece? what number (quantity) at a time?
ɛmtjɛrkinɛjunu a little at a time; gradually, slowly
ɛmnɨmkɨjunu a lot at a time; abundantly; fast
amŋɨrojono in threes, three at a time
ɛmɨnnɛnjunu one by one, one at a time
ammɨtlɨnjono in fives, five at a time
not to be confused with the divisional form of numerals. a divisional adverb refers to the manner in which an action is performed, with regard to the quantity (number) of its participants (e.g. ɛmnɨmkɨjunu), while the divisional form of a numeral is the grammatical representation of a mathematical (number-related) concept: a certain number of objects that has been divided into parts in equal proportion, i.e. with each part containing the same number of said objects (e.g. ɛmnɨmkɨjut).
3) quantitative adverbs
a) adverbs that define the quantity of an action, i.e. the number of times that it is repeated. require the interrogative word tjɛche? how many times?
qunɛche once, one time
nɨmkɨche many times (over), time and time again
ŋirɛche twice, two times
b) adverbs that define the intensity of an action. require the interrogative word miŋkɛmil? to what degree (extent)? how much? how fully?
qonpɨ altogether, completely, entirely
kitkit a little, a bit, slightly, somewhat
qɨmɛk almost, nearly
ɨtrjattagnɛtɨ as much as possible, till the very end, (to cram, pack sth.) full
ɛqɛlük for the first time
a subcategory: adverbs that define the degree to which a property (quality) is manifested. also require the interrogative word miŋkɛmil? to what degree (extent)? how much? how fully?
from the grammatical perspective, adverbs can be divided into determinative (attributive) and circumstantial (adverbials proper).
determinative (attributive) adverbs
characterize the properties (qualities) of an action, its nature and the manner in which it is performed, as well as any quantitative shades of the action itself or of its properties (qualities).
may be further subdivided into three groups: 1) qualitative adverbs; 2) adverbs of manner; 3) quantitative adverbs.
1) qualitative adverbs. refer to the qualitative property (attribute) of an action. require the interrogative word miŋkɨri? how? have degrees of comparison.
nɨmɛļɛv well; (it is) good (somewhere, to do sth.)
ɛtchetɨ hard, heavily; (it is) heavy, hard (to do sth.)
nɨtjivjɛv persistently
mɨtlögtɨ in an agile, nimble way
nivɨpjɛv shyly
qɛtpɛtɨ diligently
a'tkɛvma badly, poorly
mɛrɨnrɛ slowly
2) adverbs of manner. describe the manner (way, mode) in which the action is performed. require the same interrogative word as qualitative adverbs, miŋkɨri? how? in what way? in what manner? however, unlike qualitative adverbs, they have no degrees of comparison.
vinvɛ secretly, in secret
vɨtrɨŋ supine (to lie, fall)
mɛtkiit (just) barely, hardly
ɨnŋot thus, so, this way, that way
chejvɛ on foot
vɛtgɨrɨ straight (ahead)
alvaŋ differently, another way
o'raŋ openly, honestly, sincerely
lüur suddenly, all of a sudden
there are several subgroups that stand somewhat apart from the rest. normally, all of them require the general interrogative word miŋkɨri? if stressed, each subgroup will require a special question of its own, common only to this specific subgroup.
a) comparative and identificational adverbs: require the interrogative word miŋkɛmil? whose way? similar to whom? or mikɨmil? migmil? as, like who? rɛqɨmil? rjɛmil? as, like what?
lɨgoravɛtļamɛl the chukchi way, as a chukchi, lit. as a true person, in the way of true people
ɨnpɨjanvɨmɛl as, like an old man
gɨmɨgmil my way, as i would have it
umqɛmil as, like a polar bear
qoramɛl as, like a reindeer
vɛɛmmil as, like a river
b) adverbs of joint or solitary action: require the interrogative word tjɛrɨnleŋu? in what numbers? how many? being how many? as a group of how many?
ŋɨronläŋo as a threesome, as a group of three, being three
ŋirɛnleŋu as a twosome, as a group of two, being two
nɨmkinleŋu in great numbers
ɨnnɛnleŋu alone, on one's own, lit. one, as one, being one
tjɛrkinɛnleŋu in small numbers
ŋɨranläŋo as a foursome, as a group of four, being four
c) divisional adverbs: require the interrogative word ɛmtjɛtjunu? in what number (quantity)? by what number (quantity)? what number (quantity) each, apiece? what number (quantity) at a time?
ɛmtjɛrkinɛjunu a little at a time; gradually, slowly
ɛmnɨmkɨjunu a lot at a time; abundantly; fast
amŋɨrojono in threes, three at a time
ɛmɨnnɛnjunu one by one, one at a time
ammɨtlɨnjono in fives, five at a time
not to be confused with the divisional form of numerals. a divisional adverb refers to the manner in which an action is performed, with regard to the quantity (number) of its participants (e.g. ɛmnɨmkɨjunu), while the divisional form of a numeral is the grammatical representation of a mathematical (number-related) concept: a certain number of objects that has been divided into parts in equal proportion, i.e. with each part containing the same number of said objects (e.g. ɛmnɨmkɨjut).
3) quantitative adverbs
a) adverbs that define the quantity of an action, i.e. the number of times that it is repeated. require the interrogative word tjɛche? how many times?
qunɛche once, one time
nɨmkɨche many times (over), time and time again
ŋirɛche twice, two times
b) adverbs that define the intensity of an action. require the interrogative word miŋkɛmil? to what degree (extent)? how much? how fully?
qonpɨ altogether, completely, entirely
kitkit a little, a bit, slightly, somewhat
qɨmɛk almost, nearly
ɨtrjattagnɛtɨ as much as possible, till the very end, (to cram, pack sth.) full
ɛqɛlük for the first time
a subcategory: adverbs that define the degree to which a property (quality) is manifested. also require the interrogative word miŋkɛmil? to what degree (extent)? how much? how fully?
jarat too much, exceedingly
kolö very, extremely
ɨnŋatal exceptionally
kolö very, extremely
ɨnŋatal exceptionally
the two quantitative adverbs, nɨmkjɛv "much, many; a lot, lots" and tjɛrjɛv "little; few" stand somewhat apart from the rest, in that, like the adverbs that describe the intensity of an action, they require the interrogative word minkemil?, but they are also somewhat like qualitative adverbs structure-wise and in having degrees of comparison.
circumstantial adverbs (adverbials proper)
used to characterize the spatial and temporal conditions (circumstances) in which an action is being performed, or the reason behind it.
1) adverbs of place. used to give the action a spatial characteristic, which is extremely detailed and exhaustive, i.e. describe the way the action is performed in physical space.
five subgroups:
a) static locative adverbs. require the interrogative word miŋkɨ? (situated, located) where?
jaal behind, at the back
mraŋqach at/to the right, on the right-hand side
rɨrov far (away), in the distance
ɨ'ttjɨjol in front, at the front, ahead
ranjav opposite, on the opposide side
chɨmche near, nearby, close
ŋalgɨl on both sides
lɨmɨnkɨ everywhere, all over the place
ŋutku here
ɨnkɨ there
kamlelɨ round, around
mraŋqach at/to the right, on the right-hand side
rɨrov far (away), in the distance
ɨ'ttjɨjol in front, at the front, ahead
ranjav opposite, on the opposide side
chɨmche near, nearby, close
ŋalgɨl on both sides
lɨmɨnkɨ everywhere, all over the place
ŋutku here
ɨnkɨ there
kamlelɨ round, around
b) prolative or vialis adverbs. require the interrogative word miŋkɛtɛ? where? through, along which place?
gɨrgochata above, at/along the top
ranjavata by, past, opposite, on/along the opposite side
ɛvɨchata below, at/along the bottom
ɨ'ttɨjochata in front, at/along the front
ŋalgɨläta on/along both sides
rɨrovata far away, in the distance
ɨnkɛtɛ (through) there
chɨmchetɛ through, along somewhere close
ranjavata by, past, opposite, on/along the opposite side
ɛvɨchata below, at/along the bottom
ɨ'ttɨjochata in front, at/along the front
ŋalgɨläta on/along both sides
rɨrovata far away, in the distance
ɨnkɛtɛ (through) there
chɨmchetɛ through, along somewhere close
c) ablative adverbs. require the interrogative word mɛŋqo(rɨ)? where from? this is the least numerous group of circumstantial adverbs; most are demonstrative and only a handful are nominative.
ɨ'ttjɨjochajpɨ from the front
mrajpɨ from the right, from the right-hand side
gɨrgochajpɨ from above, from the top
jaalejpɨ from the back, from behind
ɨjaajpɨ from far away, from afar
lɨmɨnqorɨ from everywhere, from all directions
ɨnqo(rɨ) from there
ranjakvɨpɨ from opposite
from the opposite side
mrajpɨ from the right, from the right-hand side
gɨrgochajpɨ from above, from the top
jaalejpɨ from the back, from behind
ɨjaajpɨ from far away, from afar
lɨmɨnqorɨ from everywhere, from all directions
ɨnqo(rɨ) from there
ranjakvɨpɨ from opposite
from the opposite side
d) adverbs of direction. require the interrogative word miŋkɨri(lɨ)? where to?
ŋachgɛtɨ to the left, to the left-hand side
ɛvɨchagtɨ down, downward
ɨ'ttjɨjochagtɨ forwa
ŋalgɨlegtɨ to/toward both sides, in both directions
rɨmagtɛtɨ forward, ahead
rɨrovɛtɨ away, into the distance
jaalegtɨ back, backward
lɨmɨnkɨri(lɨ) everywhere, in all directions
ɛvɨchagtɨ down, downward
ɨ'ttjɨjochagtɨ forwa
ŋalgɨlegtɨ to/toward both sides, in both directions
rɨmagtɛtɨ forward, ahead
rɨrovɛtɨ away, into the distance
jaalegtɨ back, backward
lɨmɨnkɨri(lɨ) everywhere, in all directions
e) adverbs of orientation. require the interrogative word miŋkɛgjit? in which direction? using what as a landmark?
vɨtgɨrɨgjit by, toward the middle, center
gɨrgochagjet by, toward the top
ŋutkɛgjit here, in this direction
rɨrovɨgjet by, into the distance
ɨnkɛgjit there, in that direction
ŋalgɨlɨgjet by, toward both sides, in both directions
ɨ'ttjɨjochagjet by, toward the front
chɨmchegjit toward somewhere close
gɨrgochagjet by, toward the top
ŋutkɛgjit here, in this direction
rɨrovɨgjet by, into the distance
ɨnkɛgjit there, in that direction
ŋalgɨlɨgjet by, toward both sides, in both directions
ɨ'ttjɨjochagjet by, toward the front
chɨmchegjit toward somewhere close
2) adverbs of time. used to give the action a temporal characteristic, somewhat less detailed than the spatial, but still extensive, i.e. describe the way the action is performed in time. the general interrogative word suitable for all adverbs of time, apart from the interrogative words that may be used for each specific subgroup, is titɛ? when?
three subgroups:
a) adverbs that indicate the time of action in general. require the interrogative word titɛ? when?
ajvɛ yesterday
ɛrgatɨk tomorrow
igɨt today, now
ajgoon lately, recently, not long ago
nɨkitɛ at night
injɛ in the morning
janot before, previously
amqɨnjɨcho every day, daily, on a day-to-day basis
ŋanɛŋqach the day before tomorrow
kɨtkɨtɨk in spring
kɛtɨŋok in the (early) fall
ļɛleŋkɨ in winter
ɛlek in the summer
kɨtur last year
javrɛna next year
vulqɨtvik in the evening
pɛtle soon, shortly, in a short while
ɛnmɛch already
aplöratvaka in/after a while
ɛrgɨrjok at dawn (sunrise)
ɛtjoqajɨqɨn a little while later, in a little while
tɛrkamɛcha at dusk (sundown)
ɛrgatɨk tomorrow
igɨt today, now
ajgoon lately, recently, not long ago
nɨkitɛ at night
injɛ in the morning
janot before, previously
amqɨnjɨcho every day, daily, on a day-to-day basis
ŋanɛŋqach the day before tomorrow
kɨtkɨtɨk in spring
kɛtɨŋok in the (early) fall
ļɛleŋkɨ in winter
ɛlek in the summer
kɨtur last year
javrɛna next year
vulqɨtvik in the evening
pɛtle soon, shortly, in a short while
ɛnmɛch already
aplöratvaka in/after a while
ɛrgɨrjok at dawn (sunrise)
ɛtjoqajɨqɨn a little while later, in a little while
tɛrkamɛcha at dusk (sundown)
b) adverbs that indicate the time when the action begins. require the interrogative word mɛŋkatagnɛpɨ? from, since when?
ɛnjɨtagnɛpɨ from morning, since morning (onwards)
kɨtortagnɛpɨ since last year, from last year (onwards)
talänjaptagnɛpɨ since ancient times, since the old days, for ages, for a very long time
ajvɛtagnɛpɨ from yesterday, since yesterday (onwards)
kɨtkɨttagnɛpɨ since (late) spring, from (late) spring (onwards)
ɛrgɨrjotagnɛpɨ sinc
ajgoontagnɛpɨ recently, since recent times
anotagnɛpɨ since the beginning of summer, from the beginning of summer (onwards)
kɨtortagnɛpɨ since last year, from last year (onwards)
talänjaptagnɛpɨ since ancient times, since the old days, for ages, for a very long time
ajvɛtagnɛpɨ from yesterday, since yesterday (onwards)
kɨtkɨttagnɛpɨ since (late) spring, from (late) spring (onwards)
ɛrgɨrjotagnɛpɨ sinc
ajgoontagnɛpɨ recently, since recent times
anotagnɛpɨ since the beginning of summer, from the beginning of summer (onwards)
c) adverbs that indicate the time when the action ends. require the interrogative word mɛŋkatagnɛtɨ? till, until, by when?
volqɨtvɛtagnɛtɨ by evening, (up) until evening
gɨtgatagnɛtɨ by fall, (up) until fall
amgɨnotjɨlötagnɛtɨ by midday, (up) until midday
alätagnɛtɨ by summer, (up) until summer
nɨkɛtagnɛtɨ by nightfall, (up) until nightfall
ɛgɨttagnɛtɨ until now, (up) until this moment
javrɛntagnɛtɨ by next year, (up) until next year
ɛrgattagnɛtɨ by tomorrow, (up) until tomorrow
gɨtgatagnɛtɨ by fall, (up) until fall
amgɨnotjɨlötagnɛtɨ by midday, (up) until midday
alätagnɛtɨ by summer, (up) until summer
nɨkɛtagnɛtɨ by nightfall, (up) until nightfall
ɛgɨttagnɛtɨ until now, (up) until this moment
javrɛntagnɛtɨ by next year, (up) until next year
ɛrgattagnɛtɨ by tomorrow, (up) until tomorrow
some adverbs of time are omonymous to adverbs of place: compare ɨnqorɨ "from there" and ɨnqorɨ "then, afterward", jaachɨ "behind, at the back" and jaachɨ "then, next".
3) adverbs of reason (causal adverbs).
used to indicate the reason behind a particular action, i.e. describe why said action is being performed. require the interrogative word ia'm? why?
ampɨlmɨlɨläta blindly, because of being blind
ɛmjurgɨmtɛqɛ foolishly, stupidly, because of being foolish/stupid
ɛmtɛnŋɨtkutɛ w
ɛmpichgɛ with greed/stinginess, because of being greedy/stingy
ɛmgɨtjɛ of/
amtɛrga with tears, because of crying hard
affixal adverbs
one can draw certain structural and lexical parallels between the majority of affixal adverbs and most other main parts of speech.
qualitative adverbs correspond to state attributives. there are two parallel structural forms:
1) n(ɨ)-...-jɛv ~ n(ɨ)-...-jav (the structure is identical to that of state attributives, apart from the fact that the suffix -(ɨ)qin ~ -(ɨ)qɛn has been replaced by the suffix -jɛv ~ -jav)
2) -gtɨ ~ -ɛtɨ (adverbialized form of the orientative-dative case)
nɨpɨnnɨqin (is) sad, sorrowful -> nɨpɨnnjɛv, pɨnnɛtɨ sadly, sorrowfully; (it is) sad, sorrowful (somewhere, to do sth.)
the second form triggers a shift from weak to strong vowels.
nutgɨqin (is) light, easy -> nutgjɛv, otgɛtɨ lightly, easily; (it is) light, easy (to do sth.)
these two types of full adverbial form, along with the incorporation of an attributive stem by the verb, may be used to express three distinct shades of logical stress:
1) incorporation: the main emphasis lies on the action itself, while its property (quality) is seen as its inseparable part and, as it were, appears to "dissolve" in it.
ŋinqɛgti gakorgɨpɛnrɨtkolenat
2) adverb of the first type [n(ɨ)-...-jɛv ~ n(ɨ)-...-jav]: the main emphasis lies on the property (quality) of the action (here, the adverb has a predicative shade of meaning)
ŋinqɛgti nɨkorgjav gapɛnrɨtkolenat ɨtlɨgɛtɨ the boys joyfully (expressing, showing joy) ran toward / flung themselves at their father
3) adverb of the second type [-gtɨ ~ -ɛtɨ]: equal emphasis both on the action and on its property (quality)
ŋinqɛgti korgɛtɨ gapɛnrɨtkolen
the following are affixal adverbs that have no structural (i.e. morphological) parallels among other major parts of speech. there is either no connection to other parts of speech whatsoever or the connection is vague and partial, traceable only in separate components of the affixes.
1) comparative and identificational adverbs: -(ɨ)mil ~ -(ɨ)mɛl [formed from noun stems]
ŋinqɛjmil boyishly, like a boy [ŋinqɛj boy]
o'ravɛtļamɛl like a human being [o'ravɛtļan person, human being]
kɛjŋɨmil like a brown bear [kɛjŋɨn brown bear]
ɨnpɨnachgɨmɛl like an old man [ɨnpɨnachgɨn old man]
the affix could possibly be compared with the prefix mɛl- ~ mal-, which has a modal meaning "(or so) it seems", "(or so) it appears". for example: mɛlŋinqɛj a boy, or so it seems [ŋinqɛj], malpojgɨn a spear, or so it seems [pojgɨn], mɛlŋutku here, or so it seems [ŋutku], mɛlɨnŋin this way, or so it seems [ɨnŋin]
the prefix mɛl- ~ mal- and the suffix -mil ~ -mɛl could have once been phonetic variations of a single morpheme, and reflected a different system of vowel harmony, which, at the time, was three-way rather than two-way (mil ~ mɛl ~ mal). after a while, these phonetic variations may have split into two separate morphemes, perhaps due to the transformation of the vowel harmony system from a tripartite to a bipartite one; later, their functions diversified as well.
2) quantitative adverbs (those that refer to the quantity of an action, i.e. the number of times it is performed): -che ~ -cha [formed from numeral stems]
ŋirɛche twice, two times [ŋirɛq two]
ŋɨrocha thrice, three times [ŋɨroq three]
mɨngɨtcha ten times [mɨngɨtkɛn ten]
qlikkin ɨnnɛn parolcha twenty-one time [qlikkin ɨnnɛn parol twenty-one]
nɨmkɨch
3) adverbs of joint or individual action: -(ɨ)nleŋu ~ -(ɨ)nläŋo [formed from numeral stems]
ŋirɛnleŋu as/being two, as a twosome, as a group of two [ŋirɛq two]
ŋɨronläŋo as/being three, as a threesome, as a group of three [ŋɨroq three]
mɨngɨtɨnläŋo as/being ten, as a group of ten [mɨngɨtkɛn ten]
qlikkin ɨnnɛn
nɨmkɨnleŋu in great numbers, as/being many [nɨmkjɛv many, much; a lot, lots]
4) divisional adverbs: ɛm-...-junu, am-...-jono [formed from numeral stems]
ɛmŋirɛjunu in twos, two times each, twice each, two at a time [ŋirɛq two]
amŋɨrojono in threes, thrice each, three times each, three at a time [ŋɨroq three]
ammɨngɨtjono in tens, ten times each, ten at a time [mɨngɨtkɛn ten]
ɛm-qlikkin ɨnnɛn
to a certain extent, could be compared to the divisional form of numerals - the prefixal part and the initial portion of the suffixal part in the prefix coincide (e.g. ɛmŋirɛjut "two objects each, two objects at a time" vs. ɛmŋirɛjunu "twice at a time, twice each" - check, meanings not entirely clear). the final component of the suffix used for the divisional form of numerals has evidently originated from the plural marker -t; as for the final component of the divisional adverb suffix, it could be compared to the marker of the designative case, -nu ~ -no.
5) adverbs of place
may be divided into several structural subgroups depending on the specific shade of locative meaning.
i) static locative adverbs: the vast majority are non-derived (with no affixes) or compound; only a handful can be divided into morphemes and have affixes that may have originated from certain case markers.
chɨmche: instr. case (-tɛ ~ -ta, -ɛ ~ -a) [cf. chɨmchɨļɨn "close relative", uttɛviche "with, using a basket"]
ii) ablative adverbs: abl. case (-jpɨ, -gɨpɨ, -ɛpɨ)
ɨjaajpɨ from afar, from far away [ɨjaa far (away)]
gɨrgoläjpɨ from above, from the top [gɨrgol up, above, overhead, at the top]
(cf. qorajpɨ from the reindeer)
iii) prolative (vialis) adverbs: instr. case (-tɛ ~ -ta, -ɛ ~ -a)
gɨrgoläta (moving) above, overhead, along/through/at the top [gɨrgol up, above, overhead, at the top]
iv) adverbs of direction: orient.-dat. case (-gtɨ, -ɛtɨ)
ɨjaagtɨ away, into the distance [ɨjaa far (away)]
v) adverbs of orientation: det. case (-gjit ~ -gjet)
gɨrgolägjet by, toward, in the direction of the top [gɨrgol up, above, overhead, at the top]
most adverbs belonging to groups ii), iii), iv) and v) are formed using the stems of (mostly non-derived) static locative adverbs.
6) adverbs of time
may be divided into several structural subgroups depending on the specific shade of temporal meaning.
i) adverbs that indicate the time when an action begins
require the additional suffix -tɛgn ~ -tagn (identical to one of the word-formation suffixes used with nouns) + abl. case (-jpɨ, -gɨpɨ, -ɛpɨ)
comparable to derived nouns formed using the suffix -tɛgn ~ -tagn, when these are in the ablative case.
ajvɛtagnɛpɨ from, since yesterday [ajvɛ yesterday]
kɨtortagnɛpɨ from, since last year [kɨtur last year]
ɛgɨttagnɛpɨ from now on [igɨt now, today]
(cf. ŋagtagnɛpɨ "from the foot of the mountain", ŋɛgnɨ "mountain", ŋɛgtɛgɨn the foot of a mountain)
ii) adverbs that indicate the time when an action ends
require the additional suffix -tɛgn ~ -tagn (identical to one of the word-formation suffixes used with nouns) + orient.-dat. case (-gtɨ, -etɨ)
comparable to derived nouns formed using the suffix -tɛgn ~ -tagn, when these are in the orient.-dat. case.
ajvɛtagnɛtɨ by, until, till yesterday [ajvɛ yesterday]
(cf. ŋagtagnɛtɨ "to, toward the foot of the mountain", ŋɛgnɨ "mountain", ŋɛgtɛgɨn "the foot of a mountain")
adverbs belonging to groups i) and ii) may be formed from the stems of the non-derived adverbs (with no affixes) that indicate the time of action in general, as in the examples above, but they may also be formed from the stems of verbs or nominal parts of speech:
ɛrgɨrjotagnɛpɨ from, since dawn (sunrise) [ɛrgɨrjon sunrise, dawn]
iii) adverbs that indicate the time of action in general. only part are affixal; as a rule, these are derived from nouns that have an incomplete (limited) declension paradigm.
loc. case (-k, -ɨk, -kɨ) [most widespread]
gɨtgak in the fall [cf. gɨtgan "fall, autumn", gɨtgagtɨ "by, until, till fall", gɨtgajpɨ "from, since fall"]
instr. case (-tɛ ~ -ta, -ɛ ~ -a) [much more rare]
javrɛna next year [cf. javrɛn "the next, following year", javrɛnkɛn "the next year's, of the next year, connected to the next year"]
7) adverbs of reason (causal adverbs): ɛm-...-(t)ɛ, am-...-(t)a
structure-wise, can be compared to the delimitative form of nouns, while lexically they can be traced back to qualitative adverbs, and, accordingly, to state attributives.
ɛmpɛgchiŋɛ with, out of curiosity, because of being curious [cf. nɨpɛgchiŋjɛv "interestingly, curiously; (it is) interesting, curious (somewhere, to do sth.)", nɨpɛgchiŋqin "(is) curious, interesting"]
ɛmjurgɨmtɛqɛ foolishly, stupidly, because of being foolish/stupid
ɛmtɛnŋɨtkutɛ w
ɛmpichgɛ with greed/stinginess, because of being greedy/stingy
ɛmgɨtjɛ of/
amtɛrga with tears, because of crying hard
affixal adverbs
one can draw certain structural and lexical parallels between the majority of affixal adverbs and most other main parts of speech.
qualitative adverbs correspond to state attributives. there are two parallel structural forms:
1) n(ɨ)-...-jɛv ~ n(ɨ)-...-jav (the structure is identical to that of state attributives, apart from the fact that the suffix -(ɨ)qin ~ -(ɨ)qɛn has been replaced by the suffix -jɛv ~ -jav)
2) -gtɨ ~ -ɛtɨ (adverbialized form of the orientative-dative case)
nɨpɨnnɨqin (is) sad, sorrowful -> nɨpɨnnjɛv, pɨnnɛtɨ sadly, sorrowfully; (it is) sad, sorrowful (somewhere, to do sth.)
nɨgɨnrɨrqin (is) attentive -> nɨgɨnrɨrjɛv, gɨnrɨrɛtɨ attentively
nɨŋɨrkɨlqɛn (is) bashful, easily embarrassed -> nɨŋɨrkɨljav, ŋɨrkɨleti bashfully
nɨvɨltɨqin (is) thick, dense -> nɨvɨltjɛv, vɨltɛtɨ thickly, densely
nɨqɨtlɨqin (is) lazy" -> nɨqɨtljɛv, qɨtlegtɨ lazily
the second form triggers a shift from weak to strong vowels.
nutgɨqin (is) light, easy -> nutgjɛv, otgɛtɨ lightly, easily; (it is) light, easy (to do sth.)
nuntɨmqin (is) calm -> nuntɨmjɛv, ontɨmɛtɨ calmly; (it is) calm (somewhere, to do sth.)
nivpɨqin (is) shy -> nivpjɛv, ɛvpɛtɨ shyly
nɨvɛjmɛnqin (is) friendly) -> nɨvɛjmɛnjɛv, vajmanɛtɨ in a friendly manner
these two types of full adverbial form, along with the incorporation of an attributive stem by the verb, may be used to express three distinct shades of logical stress:
1) incorporation: the main emphasis lies on the action itself, while its property (quality) is seen as its inseparable part and, as it were, appears to "dissolve" in it.
ŋinqɛgti gakorgɨpɛnrɨtkolenat
2) adverb of the first type [n(ɨ)-...-jɛv ~ n(ɨ)-...-jav]: the main emphasis lies on the property (quality) of the action (here, the adverb has a predicative shade of meaning)
ŋinqɛgti nɨkorgjav gapɛnrɨtkolenat ɨtlɨgɛtɨ the boys joyfully (expressing, showing joy) ran toward / flung themselves at their father
3) adverb of the second type [-gtɨ ~ -ɛtɨ]: equal emphasis both on the action and on its property (quality)
ŋinqɛgti korgɛtɨ gapɛnrɨtkolen
these three ways of referring to the qualitative property of an action could date back to several distinct stages in the development of the language. i) incorporation. this method may be the oldest, and could have originated from the time when an action was characterized from the qualitative perspective by joining an adverb of the most ancient structure (with no affixes) to the verb, which then only had suffixes. ii) adverbs whose structure is identical to that of nouns in the orientative-dative case. appeared as attributive words became separate from nouns and lost their declension paradigm. this is confirmed by the fact that contemporary chukchi has such words as chericher "dirt" and charɛgti "in a dirty way, (it is) dirty" (cf. charɛgti "to, toward dirt"), or qɛrgɨqɛr "light" and qɛrgɛtɨ "in a well-lit way, (it is) light" (cf. qɛrgɛtɨ "to, toward light"), which exist and are used simultaneously. iii) qualitative adverbs that have the circumfix n(ɨ)-...-jɛv ~ n(ɨ)-...-jav. these may have been formed from state attributives or at the same time as the latter, after both groups had started to separate from nouns.
state attributives: lexicalization of the predicative forms of ancient attributive words; adverbs: lexicalization of the special adjectival forms of ancient attributive words. it would seem that this process of lexicalization is not yet over in either of these cases. compare: ŋotqɛn qoraŋɨ nɨjɨqɨqin "this reindeer is fast" and ŋotqɛn qoraŋɨ nɨjɨqjɛv nɨleqin "this reindeer is moving fast".
state attributives: lexicalization of the predicative forms of ancient attributive words; adverbs: lexicalization of the special adjectival forms of ancient attributive words. it would seem that this process of lexicalization is not yet over in either of these cases. compare: ŋotqɛn qoraŋɨ nɨjɨqɨqin "this reindeer is fast" and ŋotqɛn qoraŋɨ nɨjɨqjɛv nɨleqin "this reindeer is moving fast".
the following are affixal adverbs that have no structural (i.e. morphological) parallels among other major parts of speech. there is either no connection to other parts of speech whatsoever or the connection is vague and partial, traceable only in separate components of the affixes.
1) comparative and identificational adverbs: -(ɨ)mil ~ -(ɨ)mɛl [formed from noun stems]
ŋinqɛjmil boyishly, like a boy [ŋinqɛj boy]
o'ravɛtļamɛl like a human being [o'ravɛtļan person, human being]
kɛjŋɨmil like a brown bear [kɛjŋɨn brown bear]
ɨnpɨnachgɨmɛl like an old man [ɨnpɨnachgɨn old man]
the affix could possibly be compared with the prefix mɛl- ~ mal-, which has a modal meaning "(or so) it seems", "(or so) it appears". for example: mɛlŋinqɛj a boy, or so it seems [ŋinqɛj], malpojgɨn a spear, or so it seems [pojgɨn], mɛlŋutku here, or so it seems [ŋutku], mɛlɨnŋin this way, or so it seems [ɨnŋin]
the prefix mɛl- ~ mal- and the suffix -mil ~ -mɛl could have once been phonetic variations of a single morpheme, and reflected a different system of vowel harmony, which, at the time, was three-way rather than two-way (mil ~ mɛl ~ mal). after a while, these phonetic variations may have split into two separate morphemes, perhaps due to the transformation of the vowel harmony system from a tripartite to a bipartite one; later, their functions diversified as well.
2) quantitative adverbs (those that refer to the quantity of an action, i.e. the number of times it is performed): -che ~ -cha [formed from numeral stems]
ŋirɛche twice, two times [ŋirɛq two]
ŋɨrocha thrice, three times [ŋɨroq three]
mɨngɨtcha ten times [mɨngɨtkɛn ten]
qlikkin ɨnnɛn parolcha twenty-one time [qlikkin ɨnnɛn parol twenty-one]
nɨmkɨch
3) adverbs of joint or individual action: -(ɨ)nleŋu ~ -(ɨ)nläŋo [formed from numeral stems]
ŋirɛnleŋu as/being two, as a twosome, as a group of two [ŋirɛq two]
ŋɨronläŋo as/being three, as a threesome, as a group of three [ŋɨroq three]
mɨngɨtɨnläŋo as/being ten, as a group of ten [mɨngɨtkɛn ten]
qlikkin ɨnnɛn
nɨmkɨnleŋu in great numbers, as/being many [nɨmkjɛv many, much; a lot, lots]
4) divisional adverbs: ɛm-...-junu, am-...-jono [formed from numeral stems]
ɛmŋirɛjunu in twos, two times each, twice each, two at a time [ŋirɛq two]
amŋɨrojono in threes, thrice each, three times each, three at a time [ŋɨroq three]
ammɨngɨtjono in tens, ten times each, ten at a time [mɨngɨtkɛn ten]
ɛm-qlikkin ɨnnɛn
to a certain extent, could be compared to the divisional form of numerals - the prefixal part and the initial portion of the suffixal part in the prefix coincide (e.g. ɛmŋirɛjut "two objects each, two objects at a time" vs. ɛmŋirɛjunu "twice at a time, twice each" - check, meanings not entirely clear). the final component of the suffix used for the divisional form of numerals has evidently originated from the plural marker -t; as for the final component of the divisional adverb suffix, it could be compared to the marker of the designative case, -nu ~ -no.
5) adverbs of place
may be divided into several structural subgroups depending on the specific shade of locative meaning.
i) static locative adverbs: the vast majority are non-derived (with no affixes) or compound; only a handful can be divided into morphemes and have affixes that may have originated from certain case markers.
chɨmche: instr. case (-tɛ ~ -ta, -ɛ ~ -a) [cf. chɨmchɨļɨn "close relative", uttɛviche "with, using a basket"]
ŋachgɨŋkɨ: loc. case (-k, -ɨk, -kɨ) [cf. ŋachgɨļɨn "left-handed person, southpaw", giŋkɨ "on, in the fishing-net"]
ii) ablative adverbs: abl. case (-jpɨ, -gɨpɨ, -ɛpɨ)
ɨjaajpɨ from afar, from far away [ɨjaa far (away)]
gɨrgoläjpɨ from above, from the top [gɨrgol up, above, overhead, at the top]
(cf. qorajpɨ from the reindeer)
iii) prolative (vialis) adverbs: instr. case (-tɛ ~ -ta, -ɛ ~ -a)
gɨrgoläta (moving) above, overhead, along/through/at the top [gɨrgol up, above, overhead, at the top]
(cf. valäta with, using the knife)
iv) adverbs of direction: orient.-dat. case (-gtɨ, -ɛtɨ)
ɨjaagtɨ away, into the distance [ɨjaa far (away)]
gɨrgolägtɨ up, upward, toward the top [gɨrgol up, above, overhead, at the top]
(cf. qoragtɨ to, for, toward the reindeer)
v) adverbs of orientation: det. case (-gjit ~ -gjet)
gɨrgolägjet by, toward, in the direction of the top [gɨrgol up, above, overhead, at the top]
(cf. valägjet in the direction of the knife, using the knife as a model)
most adverbs belonging to groups ii), iii), iv) and v) are formed using the stems of (mostly non-derived) static locative adverbs.
6) adverbs of time
may be divided into several structural subgroups depending on the specific shade of temporal meaning.
i) adverbs that indicate the time when an action begins
require the additional suffix -tɛgn ~ -tagn (identical to one of the word-formation suffixes used with nouns) + abl. case (-jpɨ, -gɨpɨ, -ɛpɨ)
comparable to derived nouns formed using the suffix -tɛgn ~ -tagn, when these are in the ablative case.
ajvɛtagnɛpɨ from, since yesterday [ajvɛ yesterday]
kɨtortagnɛpɨ from, since last year [kɨtur last year]
ɛgɨttagnɛpɨ from now on [igɨt now, today]
(cf. ŋagtagnɛpɨ "from the foot of the mountain", ŋɛgnɨ "mountain", ŋɛgtɛgɨn the foot of a mountain)
ii) adverbs that indicate the time when an action ends
require the additional suffix -tɛgn ~ -tagn (identical to one of the word-formation suffixes used with nouns) + orient.-dat. case (-gtɨ, -etɨ)
comparable to derived nouns formed using the suffix -tɛgn ~ -tagn, when these are in the orient.-dat. case.
ajvɛtagnɛtɨ by, until, till yesterday [ajvɛ yesterday]
kɨtortagnɛtɨ by, until, till last year [kɨtur last year]
ɛgɨttagnɛtɨ by, until, till now [igɨt now, today]
(cf. ŋagtagnɛtɨ "to, toward the foot of the mountain", ŋɛgnɨ "mountain", ŋɛgtɛgɨn "the foot of a mountain")
adverbs belonging to groups i) and ii) may be formed from the stems of the non-derived adverbs (with no affixes) that indicate the time of action in general, as in the examples above, but they may also be formed from the stems of verbs or nominal parts of speech:
ɛrgɨrjotagnɛpɨ from, since dawn (sunrise) [ɛrgɨrjon sunrise, dawn]
ɛrgɨrjotagnɛtɨ by, until, till dawn (sunrise) [ɛrgɨrjon sunrise, dawn]
akvattagnɛpɨ from, since the moment of departure [ɛkvɛtɨk to depart, to set out]
akvattagnɛtɨ by, until, till the moment of departure [ɛkvɛtɨk to depart, to set out]
iii) adverbs that indicate the time of action in general. only part are affixal; as a rule, these are derived from nouns that have an incomplete (limited) declension paradigm.
loc. case (-k, -ɨk, -kɨ) [most widespread]
gɨtgak in the fall [cf. gɨtgan "fall, autumn", gɨtgagtɨ "by, until, till fall", gɨtgajpɨ "from, since fall"]
vulqɨtvik in the evening [cf. vulqɨtvin "evening", volqɨtvɛgtɨ "by, until, till evening", volqɨtvɛjpɨ "from, since evening"]
ļɛleŋkɨ in the winter [cf. ļɛleŋ "winter", ļaläŋɛtɨ "by, until, till winter", ļaläŋgɨpɨ "from, since winter"]
instr. case (-tɛ ~ -ta, -ɛ ~ -a) [much more rare]
javrɛna next year [cf. javrɛn "the next, following year", javrɛnkɛn "the next year's, of the next year, connected to the next year"]
injɛ in the morning [cf. injɨn "morning", injɨkin "the morning's, of the morning, connected to the morning"]
7) adverbs of reason (causal adverbs): ɛm-...-(t)ɛ, am-...-(t)a
structure-wise, can be compared to the delimitative form of nouns, while lexically they can be traced back to qualitative adverbs, and, accordingly, to state attributives.
ɛmpɛgchiŋɛ with, out of curiosity, because of being curious [cf. nɨpɛgchiŋjɛv "interestingly, curiously; (it is) interesting, curious (somewhere, to do sth.)", nɨpɛgchiŋqin "(is) curious, interesting"]
amkorga with, for joy [cf. nɨkorgjav "joyfully; (it is) joyful (somewhere, to do sth.)", nɨkorgɨqɛn "(is) joyful"]
ɛmqivritɛ with, out of haste, because of being hasty/hurrying [cf. nɨqivrjɛv "hastily, in a hurry", nɨqivriqin "(is) hasty, hurried"]
amanŋɛnata out of, with spite/anger [cf. nanŋɛnjav "spitefully, angrily", nanŋɛnaqɛn "(is) spiteful, angry"]