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Dec. 3rd, 2012 09:40 pm![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
moonflower771) positive degree: circumfixes n(ɨ)-...-jɛv ~ n(ɨ)-...-jav or -gtɨ ~ -ɛtɨ
nivɨpjɛv shyly
nɨkorgjav joyfully, merrily; (it is) joyful, merry (somewhere, to do sth.)
anŋɛnagtɨ angrily, in a bad-tempered manner
kavɛtɨ comfortably; (it is) comfortable (somewhere, to do sth.)
2) comparative degree: suffix -(ɨ)ŋ
may have originated from the archaic non-nominative case marker -(ɨ)ŋ. at first, it may have been used to express the most general connection between an action and its property (quality), as in o'raŋ tɨlek to move out in the open (in everyone's plain sight)"[cf. o'raŋ "openly, in plain sight" and u'rɛvɨk "to appear, to show up, to peek (from behind or out of sth.)"] and later became the comparative degree marker for adverbs. the other affixes were probably derived from incorporated root morphemes that became grammaticalized.
the affixes of both positive-degree forms are dropped:
nɨqɛrgjav, qɛrgɛtɨ lightly, brightly; (it is) bright, light (somewhere, to do sth.) -> qɛrgɨŋ more lightly, more brightly; (it is) brighter, lighter (somewhere)
nɨpɨnnjɛv, pɨnnɛtɨ sadly, sorrowfully; (it is) sad, sorrowful (somewhere, to do sth.) -> pɨnnɨŋ more sadly, more sorrowfully; (it is) sadder, more sorrowful (somewhere, to do sth.)
nɨŋɨchŋɨnjav, ŋɨchŋɨnɛtɨ affectionately -> ŋɨchŋɨnɨŋ more affectionately
-> weak to strong vowels
nɨvɛjmɛnjɛv in a friendly manner -> vajmanɨŋ in a friendlier manner
nipjɛv honestly; (it is) honest (to do sth.) -> ɛpɨŋ more honestly; (it is) more honest (to do sth.)
nutgjɛv lightly, easily; (it is) light, easy (to do sth.) -> otgɨŋ more lightly, more easily; (it is) lighter, easier (to do sth.)
3) intermediate degree I: prefix pɨtqɨ- [cf. pɨtqɨk "to repeat, to do (sth.) once again"]
joined to the form of the comparative degree without dropping its suffix.
4) intermediate degree II: prefix ja- [cf. jarat "very, extremely"]
joined to the form of the comparative degree without dropping its suffix.
5) superlative degree: ɨnan- [cf. the archaic meaning of the word ɨnan "-self, by oneself, on one's own", which has been almost completely lost, e.g. ɨnan gɨmnan mɛjmitɨn let me take (it) myself]
joined to the form of the comparative degree without dropping its suffix.
jɨqɨŋ faster, more quickly; (it is) faster, quicker (to do sth.) -> ɨnanjɨqɨŋ the fastest (of all), the most quickly (of all)
qɛrgɨŋ more lightly, more brightly; (it is) brighter, lighter (somewhere) -> ɨnanqɛrgɨŋ the most brightly (of all), the most lightly (of all)
nivɨpjɛv shyly
nɨkorgjav joyfully, merrily; (it is) joyful, merry (somewhere, to do sth.)
anŋɛnagtɨ angrily, in a bad-tempered manner
kavɛtɨ comfortably; (it is) comfortable (somewhere, to do sth.)
2) comparative degree: suffix -(ɨ)ŋ
may have originated from the archaic non-nominative case marker -(ɨ)ŋ. at first, it may have been used to express the most general connection between an action and its property (quality), as in o'raŋ tɨlek to move out in the open (in everyone's plain sight)"[cf. o'raŋ "openly, in plain sight" and u'rɛvɨk "to appear, to show up, to peek (from behind or out of sth.)"] and later became the comparative degree marker for adverbs. the other affixes were probably derived from incorporated root morphemes that became grammaticalized.
the affixes of both positive-degree forms are dropped:
nɨqɛrgjav, qɛrgɛtɨ lightly, brightly; (it is) bright, light (somewhere, to do sth.) -> qɛrgɨŋ more lightly, more brightly; (it is) brighter, lighter (somewhere)
nɨpɨnnjɛv, pɨnnɛtɨ sadly, sorrowfully; (it is) sad, sorrowful (somewhere, to do sth.) -> pɨnnɨŋ more sadly, more sorrowfully; (it is) sadder, more sorrowful (somewhere, to do sth.)
nɨŋɨchŋɨnjav, ŋɨchŋɨnɛtɨ affectionately -> ŋɨchŋɨnɨŋ more affectionately
-> weak to strong vowels
nɨvɛjmɛnjɛv in a friendly manner -> vajmanɨŋ in a friendlier manner
nipjɛv honestly; (it is) honest (to do sth.) -> ɛpɨŋ more honestly; (it is) more honest (to do sth.)
nutgjɛv lightly, easily; (it is) light, easy (to do sth.) -> otgɨŋ more lightly, more easily; (it is) lighter, easier (to do sth.)
3) intermediate degree I: prefix pɨtqɨ- [cf. pɨtqɨk "to repeat, to do (sth.) once again"]
joined to the form of the comparative degree without dropping its suffix.
4) intermediate degree II: prefix ja- [cf. jarat "very, extremely"]
joined to the form of the comparative degree without dropping its suffix.
5) superlative degree: ɨnan- [cf. the archaic meaning of the word ɨnan "-self, by oneself, on one's own", which has been almost completely lost, e.g. ɨnan gɨmnan mɛjmitɨn let me take (it) myself]
joined to the form of the comparative degree without dropping its suffix.
jɨqɨŋ faster, more quickly; (it is) faster, quicker (to do sth.) -> ɨnanjɨqɨŋ the fastest (of all), the most quickly (of all)
qɛrgɨŋ more lightly, more brightly; (it is) brighter, lighter (somewhere) -> ɨnanqɛrgɨŋ the most brightly (of all), the most lightly (of all)
pɨtleŋɨŋ more boldly, more courageously; (it is) bolder, more courageous (to do sth.) -> ɨnanpɨtleŋɨŋ the most boldly (of all), the most courageously (of all)
example: nɨtjivjɛv, tjɛvɛtɨ persistently -> tjɛvɨŋ more persistently -> pɨtqɨtjɛvɨŋ even more persistently -> jatjɛvɨŋ much more persistently -> ɨnantjɛvɨŋ most persistently (of all), in the most persistent manner
apart from qualitative adverbs, degrees of comparison are applicable to several other groups of adverbs:
a) adverbs that occupy an intermediate position between qualitative adverbs and adverbs of manner:
algaŋɛka confidently (without doubt) -> algaŋɛkɛŋ more confidently -> pɨtqɨalgaŋɛkɛŋ even more confidently -> jaalgaŋɛkɛŋ much more confidently -> ɨnanalgaŋɛkɛŋ the most confidently of all [cf. lɨgaŋɛk "to err, to be mistaken"]
b) indefinite qualitative adverbs:
nɨmkjɛv much, many; a lot, lots -> mɨkɨŋ more -> pɨtqɨmɨkɨŋ even more -> jamɨkɨŋ much more -> ɨnanmɨkɨŋ the most
c) circumstantial adverbs of place that have a meaning of degree (extent):
chɨmche close, near, nearby -> chɨmchaŋ closer, nearer -> pɨtqɨchɨmchaŋ even closer, even nearer -> jachɨmchaŋ much closer, much nearer -> ɨnanchɨmchaŋ the closest (of all), the nearest (of all)
example: nɨtjivjɛv, tjɛvɛtɨ persistently -> tjɛvɨŋ more persistently -> pɨtqɨtjɛvɨŋ even more persistently -> jatjɛvɨŋ much more persistently -> ɨnantjɛvɨŋ most persistently (of all), in the most persistent manner
apart from qualitative adverbs, degrees of comparison are applicable to several other groups of adverbs:
a) adverbs that occupy an intermediate position between qualitative adverbs and adverbs of manner:
algaŋɛka confidently (without doubt) -> algaŋɛkɛŋ more confidently -> pɨtqɨalgaŋɛkɛŋ even more confidently -> jaalgaŋɛkɛŋ much more confidently -> ɨnanalgaŋɛkɛŋ the most confidently of all [cf. lɨgaŋɛk "to err, to be mistaken"]
b) indefinite qualitative adverbs:
nɨmkjɛv much, many; a lot, lots -> mɨkɨŋ more -> pɨtqɨmɨkɨŋ even more -> jamɨkɨŋ much more -> ɨnanmɨkɨŋ the most
c) circumstantial adverbs of place that have a meaning of degree (extent):
chɨmche close, near, nearby -> chɨmchaŋ closer, nearer -> pɨtqɨchɨmchaŋ even closer, even nearer -> jachɨmchaŋ much closer, much nearer -> ɨnanchɨmchaŋ the closest (of all), the nearest (of all)