(no subject)

[moonflower77]

1) concessive: -(ɨ)machɨ

the main action takes place regardless of the dependent action [in spite of ..., despite ..., though ...]

korgavmachɨ despite rejoicing [korgavɨk to rejoice, to feel glad], a'tchamachɨ despite waiting [a'tchak to wait, to expect, to anticipate], olmachɨ despite leaning (on sth.) [olɨk to lean (on sth. for support)]

-> weak to strong vowels: pɛrɛmachɨ despite taking [pirik], ajmavmachɨ despite approaching [ɛjmɛvɨk to approach, to come closer, to move toward (sb./sth.)], poorjɨmachɨ despite changing [puurjɨk to change, to switch, to exchange]

both transitive and intransitive verbs; any tense or mood

the degree of dependence on the finite verb varies and is determined by whether or not the dependent action is performed by the same agent as the main one, as well as by the mood of the finite verb. (greatest: same agent, indicative mood; least: different agents, imperative or subjunctive mood).

2) simultaneous action

the main action and the dependent action are parallel to one another, i.e. they take place at the same time [while ..., when ..., whilst ..., at the same time as ...]

three semantic shades:

i) -ma: the main action takes place against the background of the dependent action 

[the suffix is omonymous to the suffixal part of the sociative case circumfix]

tɨttanma while climbing [tɨttɛtɨk to climb, to ascend]

-> weak to strong vowels: ɛnanchetkoma while managing [inɛnchitkuk to manage, to regulate, to control, to rule], mɛgcheranma while working [migchirɛtɨk to work]

whether or not the dependent action is perfective (limited to a certain temporal interval) or imperfective (unlimited in time, continuing indefinitely) is determined by the nature of the main action and the grammatical form of the finite verb that refers to it.

ii) g(a)-...-ma: the dependent action is connected to the main action 

[the circumfix is homonymous to that of the sociative case]

gapɨlöma while gnawing (at a bone) [pɨlök to gnaw (at a bone)]

-> weak to strong vowels: gakomjarɛma while romping, frolicking (around) [kumjɛrik to romp, to frolic (around)]

if the stem begins with a vowel, the vowel of the prefix is dropped: gomavma while becoming warmer [omavɨk to warm up, to become warmer]

whether or not the dependent action is perfective or imperfective is determined by the nature of the main action and the grammatical form of the finite verb that refers to it.

may have two semantic shades (usually determined by the meaning of the entire sentence):

- the two actions are simply interconnected (most common). in this case, there is no great difference as to which verb is finite and which is the adverbial participle, so that the two can be switched around, though this might result in a slight change to the overall meaning of the sentence.

- the dependent action is not only connected to the main action, but, to a certain extent, is also its cause (more rare).

iii) -gtɨ (if the stem ends in a vowel) / -ɛtɨ (if the stem ends in a consonant or consonant cluster): the main action is momentane, the dependent action is directly linked to it and is also limited to a certain, strictly defined temporal interval, with a definite beginning and end 

[the suffix is omonymous to that of the orientative-dative case]

-> weak to strong vowels: ɛnargɨtkogtɨ while digging [inɛrgɨtkuk to dig], ɛlöļatɛtɨ while stirring [ilüļɛtɨk to stir, to move]

sometimes the main action may be performed when the initial stages of the dependent action, i.e. when it has only just begun (not throughout its entire course).

usually combines with a finite verb in a past perfective tense. combinations with other finite forms are comparatively rare; however, even imperfective forms may be used on occasion.

main feature: the fact that the dependent action is limited to a certain well-defined interval of time. this property is preserved even when the adverbial participle combines with an imperfective finite form or when the dependent action itself has an inchoative shade.

in the case of any adverbial participles of simultaneous action, the two actions may be performed by the same agent, or there may be two different agents. in the latter case, the adverbial participle will be grammatically dependent on the finite verb to a much lesser degree.

3) non-simultaneous action

the two actions take place at different times, the dependent action always precedes the main action (never follows) 

may have two semantic shades:

i) -(ɨ)k: the general fact that the dependent action precedes the main action, no other detail specified (coincides with the infinitive or dictionary form of the verb) [after ..., upon ...]

ininik upon, after appearing (or: to appear), ɛjmitɨk upon, after taking (or: to take), tɛjkɨk upon, after making (or: to make), tɛrgatɨk upon, after crying (or: to cry), pɛläk upon, after leaving (sth.) (or: to leave sth.)

ii) -(i)nɛŋu / -(ɛ)naŋo: more specific, the main action follows immediately after the dependent action [immediately upon ..., immediately after ..., at once after ..., as soon as ...]

ɛjmɛvinɛŋu immediately upon approaching [ɛjmɛvɨk to approach, to come closer, to move toward (sb./sth.)]

if the stem ends in a vowel, the initial vowel of the suffix is dropped: milgɛrɨtkunɛŋu immediately upon shooting [milgɛrɨtkuk to take a shot, to shoot (using a rifle)] 

the dependent action may or may not be performed by the same agent as the main one. 

4) causal: the dependent action is the cause of the main action 

the dependent action may or may not be performed by the same agent as the main one. the meaning of causal adverbial participles is close to that of deverbal nouns which refer to actions or processes; this is especially true for cases where the main and dependent actions are performed by the same agent. 

may have three semantic shades:

i) -jpɨ (if the stem ends in a vowel) / -gɨpɨ (if the stem ends in a consonant) / -ɛpɨ (if the stem ends in a cluster of two consonants): the dependent action is the source or origin of the main action [due to ..., owing to ..., because of ...] 

[the suffix is omonymous to that of the ablative case]

-> weak to strong vowels: kalgojpɨ because of having gone hoarse [kɛlguk to go hoarse (of a person or their voice)], mɛgcheratgɨpɨ because of working [migchirɛtɨk to work], alkɛpɨ because of sinking, descending (into the water) [ɛlkɨk to sink, to descend (into the water)]

ii) -(t)ɛ / -(t)a: the main action is performed with the help of the dependent action (in other words, the dependent action serves as an instrument for performing the main action) [through ..., by ..., by means of ...]

[the suffix is homonymous to that of the instrumental case]

-tɛ weak vowels, stem ends in a vowel: riŋɛtɛ by means of taking off [riŋɛk to take off (of a plane, bird, other flying entity)]
-ta strong vowels, stem ends in a vowel: agtata by means of obscuring, obstructing, blocking out [agtak to obscure, to obstruct, to block out]
-ɛ weak vowels, stem ends in a consonant: viriŋɛ by means of defending, protecting [viriŋɨk to defend, to protect]
-a strong vowels, stem ends in a consonant: rɨtomgava by means of creating [rɨtomgavɨk to create] 

most commonly used in negative sentences.

iii) ɛm-...-(t)ɛ, am-...-(t)a: the dependent action gives rise to the main action or is the condition for the appearance of the main action [due to ..., owing to ..., because of ...]

[the suffixal part of the circumfix is omonymous to the suffix of the instrumental case; the prefixal part could be compared to the delimitative prefix]

more commonly used in negative sentences.

ɛm-...-tɛ weak vowels, final vowel: ɛmpiritɛ because of taking [pirik to take]
am-...-ta strong vowels, final vowel: amkɛtjota because of remembering, recalling [kɛtjok to remember, to recall]
ɛm-...-ɛ weak vowels, final consonant: ɛmɛjmɛvɛ because of approaching [ɛjmɛvɨk to approach, to come closer, to move toward (sb./sth.)]
am-...-a strong vowels, final consonant: amtaaŋa because of tasting, trying [taaŋɨk to taste, to try]

5) purposive

ɛmrɛ-...-ŋɛ, amra-...-ŋa: the dependent action is performed with the aim (purpose) of performing the main action [in order to..., to ..., with the aim of ...]

ɛmrɛgɨntɛvŋɛ in order to escape [gɨntɛvɨk to escape, to run away], ɛmrɛļuŋɛ in order to see [ļuk to see]

if the stem begins with a vowel, the final vowel of the prefixal part is dropped: ɛmrulvɨŋɛ in order to lean (on sth.) [ulvɨk to lean (on sth. for support)]

both transitive and intransitive verbs.

the function of the purposive adv. participle differs considerably from that of the others. may refer only to a dependent action that is performed by the same subject as the main action and can combine only with a finite verb in the indicative mood (here, as elsewhere, the participle is dependent on the finite form and agrees with it with regard to the person and number of the agent and whether or not the action is imperfective or perfective). this could be due to the semantic peculiarities of this adverbial participle; the purposive meaning makes a finite verb in the subjunctive or imperative mood redundant and limits the number of situations where the main and dependent actions could be performed by different agents. it is worth noting that sentences where the two actions are performed by different agents do occur, but they are exceptionally rare. much more commonly, the same meaning is expressed using a compound sentence. 

the meaning and function of the purposive adverbial participle is very similar to that of the supine, in that both have a purposive semantic shade, but these two forms are not identical. the purposive adverbial participle is used to refer to a dependent supplementary action and points at the purposive nature of the main action, seen as its qualitative property. the supine, on the other hand, is used to refer to a an independent supplementary action which is the aim (purpose) of the main action.