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Dec. 10th, 2012 02:46 pm![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
moonflower772. incomplete reduplication of the stem:
* if the reduplicated stem ends in a vowel, this final vowel is dropped in the second part:
nutɛnut earth, land, country [stem: nutɛ ~ nota]
piŋɛpiŋ falling snow [stem: piŋɛ ~ pɛŋa]
chericher dirt, mud [stem: cheri ~ charɛ]
talätal tolkusha [stem: talä]
tilitil stream, current, trickle [stem: tili ~ tɛle]
ɛleɛl summer [stem: ɛle ~ alä]
* if the reduplicated stem ends in a consonant cluster, the final consonant of the cluster is dropped in the second part:
milgɨmil matches [stem: milg]
tɨmkɨtɨm tussock [stem: tɨmk]
mɨlgɨmɨl turf [stem: mɨlg]
pichgɨpich food, nourishment [stem: pichg ~ pɛchg]
pɨlmɨpɨl mist, fog, haze [stem: pɨlm]
tirkɨtir sun [stem: tirk ~ tɛrk]
tɨrgɨtɨr soft meat [stem: tɨrg]
tilmɨtil eagle [stem: tilm ~ tɛlm]
tumgɨtum friend [stem: tumg ~ tomg]
* if the reduplicated stem ends in vowel preceded by a consonant cluster, the vowel is dropped in the second part along with the consonant adjacent to it:
kɨrgokɨr cedar grove or thicket [stem: kɨrgo]
mɨrgomɨr edible seaweed [stem: mɨrgo]
kitrakir foam [stem: kɨtra]
pɨrqapɨr stone post, pillar [stem: pɨrqa]
kɨlkakɨl seashell [stem: kɨlka]
jiļɛjil arctic ground squirrel [stem: jiļɛ]
one should not confuse the reduplication of the stem with the reduplication of the root.
* reduplication of the stem: incomplete, the second component loses some of its sounds. only present in the singular nom. case, but lost in the plural nom. case and in all of the non-nominative cases. should be considered a morphological process. jɨŋɛjɨŋ mist, fog (sg. nom.): jɨŋɛt mists, fogs (pl. nom.), jɨŋɛtɛ with, by, using a mist (mists), fog (fogs) (instr.)
* reduplication of the root: always complete with both of the components intact. present in any cases, singular or plural. should be considered a word-formation (or, rather, stem-formation) process. piŋpiŋ ash (sg. nom.) : piŋpiŋɛ with, by, using ash (ashes) (instr.)
3. affixal:
i) suffix -n:
- joined directly to the stem if the stem ends in a vowel:
kuprɛn net [stem: kuprɛ ~ kopra]
chekochen arrow tip [stem: chekoche]
kitchen anchor [stem: kitche ~ kɛtcha]
kaaran covered wagon for living and travelling in, portable home on wheels [stem: kaara]
gɨtgan late fall [stem: gɨtga]
kaletkoran school [stem: kaletkora]
vɛlɨtkoran shop, store [stem: vɛlɨtkora]
inɛnŋɛn abscess [stem: inɛnŋɛ ~ ɛnanŋa]
ɛjɨchgin wave [stem: ɛjɨchgi ~ ajɨchgɛ]
vulqɨtvin evening [stem: vulqɨtvi ~ volqɨtvɛ]
chimgjun thought, idea [stem: chimgju ~ chemgjo]
o'ravɛtļan person, human being [stem: o'ravɛtļa]
- preceded by the linking vowel "ɨ" (-ɨn) if the stem ends in a consonant cluster:
ŋilgɨn belt [stem: ŋilg ~ ŋɛlg]
gɨtgɨn lake [stem: gɨtg]
rɛsqɨn thatching [stem: rɛsq ~ rasq]
rɛmkɨn people, nation [stem: rɛmk ~ ramk]
ɨnpɨnachgɨn old man [stem: ɨnpɨnachg]
gachgamkɨn flock of birds [stem: gachga]
pilgɨn throat [stem: pilg ~ pɛlg]
ɛjpichgɨn cork, plug, stopper [stem: ɛjpichg ~ ajpɛchg]
rɛnmɨn wall [stem: rɛnm ~ ramn]
kɛjŋɨn brown bear [stem: kɛjŋ ~ kajŋ]
nɛlgɨn animal skin [stem: nɛlg ~ nalg]
ajmɨjochgɨn bucket [stem: ajmɨjochg]
the same applies to nouns whose stems end in a consonant cluster with a final glottal stop:
irjɨn overcoat, parka, anorak [stem: irj ~ ɛrj]
ɛvirjɨn clothing, garment [stem: ɛvirj ~ avɛrj]
kimitjɨn goods, product [stem: kimitj ~ kɛmɛtj]
tutjɨn twilight, half-light, darkness [stem: tutj ~ totj]
gajmɨchjɨn wealth, riches [stem: gajmɨchj]
tɨŋɛchjɨn plant [stem: tɨŋɛchj ~ tɨŋachj]
rɨjuļɨn shepherd, watchman [stem: rɨjuļ ~ rɨjoļ]
exception: nouns with stems that end in a single consonant also take the singulative suffix -n preceded by the linking vowel "ɨ" (-ɨn) if that final consonant is -v, -g or -n:
ɨtlɨgɨn father [stem: ɨtlɨg]
kɨmiŋɨn baby, infant, child [stem: kɨmiŋ ~ kɨmɛŋ]
- followed by the linking vowel "ɨ" (-nɨ): only for one-syllable stems that end in the (single) consonant -j (which are rare)
ŋɛgnɨ mountain [stem: ŋɛj ~ ŋaj]
magnɨ warehouse [stem: maj]
ii) suffix -lgɨn [-> weak to strong vowels]
- joined directly to the stem if the stem ends in a vowel:
lelelgɨn mitten [stem: lili ~ lele]
koltalgɨn skin of a bearded seal [stem: kultɛ ~ kolta]
gɨtkalgɨn leg, foot [stem: gɨtka]
a'löchelgɨn doll [stem: ɛ'lüchi ~ a'löche]
lɨlälgɨn eye [stem: lɨle ~ lɨlä]
vɛlölgɨn ear [stem: vilü ~ vɛlö]
pɨcheqalgɨn little bird [stem: pɨchiqɛ ~ pɨcheqa]
kɨtɛpalgɨn ram [stem: kɨtɛpa]
mɛlötalgɨn hare [stem: milütɛ ~ mɛlöta]
rɛqokalgɨn polar fox [stem: riqukɛ ~ rɛqoka]
ɛmchjachokalgɨn ermine [stem: imchjɛchukɛ ~ ɛmchjachoka]
- preceded by the linking vowel "ɨ" if the stem ends in a cluster of two consonants:
mɨngɨlgɨn arm, hand [stem: mɨng]
pɛkɨchjɨlgɨn snipe [stem: pɛkɨchj]
- preceded by the linking vowel "ɨ" if the stem consists of one closed syllable that ends in the (single) consonant -g:
vagɨlgɨn claw, talon, nail [stem: vɛg ~ vag]
tɛgɨlgɨn ski [stem: tɛg ~ tag]
iii) suffix -lɨŋɨn [-> weak to strong vowels]: used if the stem ends in a single consonant
vjaglɨŋɨn grass [stem: vjɛj ~ vjaj]
apaapaglɨŋɨn spider [stem: ɛpɛɛpɛj ~ apaapaj]
chɨgaglɨŋɨn sand [stem: chɨgɛj ~ chɨgaj]
mranlɨŋɨn mosquito [stem: mrɛn ~ mran]
aŋatlɨŋɨn star [stem: ɛŋɛr ~ aŋar]
NB: the consonant g here is not the g that is the allophone of j in some contexts, but the constant, independent g. cf.: vagɨtlɨŋɨn nail, talon, claw [stem: vɛg ~ vag] vs. vjaglɨŋɨn grass [stem: vjɛj ~ vjaj].
iv) suffix -ɨtlɨŋɨn [-> weak to strong vowels]: used if the stem consists of one syllable that ends in the (single) consonant -r:
parɨtlɨŋɨn scapula (used for the upper part of the wall in a yaranga) [stem: par]
a'rɨtlɨŋɨn thumb [stem: a'r]
more commonly, this suffix is used alongside -(ɨ)lgɨn, in the same contexts as the latter, though much more rarely:
mɨngɨtlɨŋɨn arm, hand
vagɨtlɨŋɨn nail, talon, claw
v) suffix -ŋɨ: used if the stem ends in a vowel
titiŋɨ needle [stem: titi ~ tɛtɛ]
rɨpɛŋɨ hammer [stem: rɨpɛ ~ rɨpa]
kukɛŋɨ large pot, cauldron [stem: kukɛ ~ koka]
qɛmɛŋɨ dish, platter [stem: qɛmɛ ~ qama]
ɨpaŋɨ broth [stem: ɨpa]
jaraŋɨ home, house, dwelling [stem: jara]
qoraŋɨ reindeer [stem: qora]
joroŋɨ inner tent, polog [stem: joro]
there is some evidence which indicates that in the past, before the language started to develop the tendency toward the reduction of final vowels, this singulative suffix used to have two phonetic variations, -ŋɛ ~ -ŋa.
it is not entirely clear why singulative suffixes in chukchi are so diverse. these might be the remaining traces of a division of nouns into groups (classes), which used to exist at some point in the past but has long since been lost and survives only as separate morphological relics. at present, the language is showing a growing tendency toward using no singulative suffix; at the moment, the non-affixal method of forming the singular of nouns prevails over the affixal ones, and its productivity continues to increase as affixal singulative forms are being replaced by those with a singulative affix. this tendency could explain the fact that some nouns have both an affixal and a non-affixal singulative form.
milüt, mɛlötalgɨn hare
pɨchiq, pɨcheqalgɨn little bird
kɨtɛp, kɨtɛpalgɨn ram
imchjɛchuk, ɛmchjachokalgɨn ermine
riquk, rɛqokalgɨn polar fox
it appears that affixal singulative forms are used mostly for referring to specific objects (entities), while non-affixal ones are used mostly for referring to objects (entities) in general. however, this distinction is far from absolute. the language certainly has many nouns with both affixal and non-affixal singular forms, including the terms for various animals, that do not allow for any specific vs. general distinction altogether. the tendency seems to have just started to develop. singulative suffixes may disappear before it has the time to take a more definite shape.
* if the reduplicated stem ends in a vowel, this final vowel is dropped in the second part:
nutɛnut earth, land, country [stem: nutɛ ~ nota]
piŋɛpiŋ falling snow [stem: piŋɛ ~ pɛŋa]
chericher dirt, mud [stem: cheri ~ charɛ]
talätal tolkusha [stem: talä]
tilitil stream, current, trickle [stem: tili ~ tɛle]
ɛleɛl summer [stem: ɛle ~ alä]
* if the reduplicated stem ends in a consonant cluster, the final consonant of the cluster is dropped in the second part:
milgɨmil matches [stem: milg]
tɨmkɨtɨm tussock [stem: tɨmk]
mɨlgɨmɨl turf [stem: mɨlg]
pichgɨpich food, nourishment [stem: pichg ~ pɛchg]
pɨlmɨpɨl mist, fog, haze [stem: pɨlm]
tirkɨtir sun [stem: tirk ~ tɛrk]
tɨrgɨtɨr soft meat [stem: tɨrg]
tilmɨtil eagle [stem: tilm ~ tɛlm]
tumgɨtum friend [stem: tumg ~ tomg]
* if the reduplicated stem ends in vowel preceded by a consonant cluster, the vowel is dropped in the second part along with the consonant adjacent to it:
kɨrgokɨr cedar grove or thicket [stem: kɨrgo]
mɨrgomɨr edible seaweed [stem: mɨrgo]
kitrakir foam [stem: kɨtra]
pɨrqapɨr stone post, pillar [stem: pɨrqa]
kɨlkakɨl seashell [stem: kɨlka]
jiļɛjil arctic ground squirrel [stem: jiļɛ]
one should not confuse the reduplication of the stem with the reduplication of the root.
* reduplication of the stem: incomplete, the second component loses some of its sounds. only present in the singular nom. case, but lost in the plural nom. case and in all of the non-nominative cases. should be considered a morphological process. jɨŋɛjɨŋ mist, fog (sg. nom.): jɨŋɛt mists, fogs (pl. nom.), jɨŋɛtɛ with, by, using a mist (mists), fog (fogs) (instr.)
* reduplication of the root: always complete with both of the components intact. present in any cases, singular or plural. should be considered a word-formation (or, rather, stem-formation) process. piŋpiŋ ash (sg. nom.) : piŋpiŋɛ with, by, using ash (ashes) (instr.)
3. affixal:
i) suffix -n:
- joined directly to the stem if the stem ends in a vowel:
kuprɛn net [stem: kuprɛ ~ kopra]
chekochen arrow tip [stem: chekoche]
kitchen anchor [stem: kitche ~ kɛtcha]
kaaran covered wagon for living and travelling in, portable home on wheels [stem: kaara]
gɨtgan late fall [stem: gɨtga]
kaletkoran school [stem: kaletkora]
vɛlɨtkoran shop, store [stem: vɛlɨtkora]
inɛnŋɛn abscess [stem: inɛnŋɛ ~ ɛnanŋa]
ɛjɨchgin wave [stem: ɛjɨchgi ~ ajɨchgɛ]
vulqɨtvin evening [stem: vulqɨtvi ~ volqɨtvɛ]
chimgjun thought, idea [stem: chimgju ~ chemgjo]
o'ravɛtļan person, human being [stem: o'ravɛtļa]
- preceded by the linking vowel "ɨ" (-ɨn) if the stem ends in a consonant cluster:
ŋilgɨn belt [stem: ŋilg ~ ŋɛlg]
gɨtgɨn lake [stem: gɨtg]
rɛsqɨn thatching [stem: rɛsq ~ rasq]
rɛmkɨn people, nation [stem: rɛmk ~ ramk]
ɨnpɨnachgɨn old man [stem: ɨnpɨnachg]
gachgamkɨn flock of birds [stem: gachga]
pilgɨn throat [stem: pilg ~ pɛlg]
ɛjpichgɨn cork, plug, stopper [stem: ɛjpichg ~ ajpɛchg]
rɛnmɨn wall [stem: rɛnm ~ ramn]
kɛjŋɨn brown bear [stem: kɛjŋ ~ kajŋ]
nɛlgɨn animal skin [stem: nɛlg ~ nalg]
ajmɨjochgɨn bucket [stem: ajmɨjochg]
the same applies to nouns whose stems end in a consonant cluster with a final glottal stop:
irjɨn overcoat, parka, anorak [stem: irj ~ ɛrj]
ɛvirjɨn clothing, garment [stem: ɛvirj ~ avɛrj]
kimitjɨn goods, product [stem: kimitj ~ kɛmɛtj]
tutjɨn twilight, half-light, darkness [stem: tutj ~ totj]
gajmɨchjɨn wealth, riches [stem: gajmɨchj]
tɨŋɛchjɨn plant [stem: tɨŋɛchj ~ tɨŋachj]
rɨjuļɨn shepherd, watchman [stem: rɨjuļ ~ rɨjoļ]
exception: nouns with stems that end in a single consonant also take the singulative suffix -n preceded by the linking vowel "ɨ" (-ɨn) if that final consonant is -v, -g or -n:
ɨtlɨgɨn father [stem: ɨtlɨg]
kɨmiŋɨn baby, infant, child [stem: kɨmiŋ ~ kɨmɛŋ]
- followed by the linking vowel "ɨ" (-nɨ): only for one-syllable stems that end in the (single) consonant -j (which are rare)
ŋɛgnɨ mountain [stem: ŋɛj ~ ŋaj]
magnɨ warehouse [stem: maj]
ii) suffix -lgɨn [-> weak to strong vowels]
- joined directly to the stem if the stem ends in a vowel:
lelelgɨn mitten [stem: lili ~ lele]
koltalgɨn skin of a bearded seal [stem: kultɛ ~ kolta]
gɨtkalgɨn leg, foot [stem: gɨtka]
a'löchelgɨn doll [stem: ɛ'lüchi ~ a'löche]
lɨlälgɨn eye [stem: lɨle ~ lɨlä]
vɛlölgɨn ear [stem: vilü ~ vɛlö]
pɨcheqalgɨn little bird [stem: pɨchiqɛ ~ pɨcheqa]
kɨtɛpalgɨn ram [stem: kɨtɛpa]
mɛlötalgɨn hare [stem: milütɛ ~ mɛlöta]
rɛqokalgɨn polar fox [stem: riqukɛ ~ rɛqoka]
ɛmchjachokalgɨn ermine [stem: imchjɛchukɛ ~ ɛmchjachoka]
- preceded by the linking vowel "ɨ" if the stem ends in a cluster of two consonants:
mɨngɨlgɨn arm, hand [stem: mɨng]
pɛkɨchjɨlgɨn snipe [stem: pɛkɨchj]
- preceded by the linking vowel "ɨ" if the stem consists of one closed syllable that ends in the (single) consonant -g:
vagɨlgɨn claw, talon, nail [stem: vɛg ~ vag]
tɛgɨlgɨn ski [stem: tɛg ~ tag]
iii) suffix -lɨŋɨn [-> weak to strong vowels]: used if the stem ends in a single consonant
vjaglɨŋɨn grass [stem: vjɛj ~ vjaj]
apaapaglɨŋɨn spider [stem: ɛpɛɛpɛj ~ apaapaj]
chɨgaglɨŋɨn sand [stem: chɨgɛj ~ chɨgaj]
mranlɨŋɨn mosquito [stem: mrɛn ~ mran]
aŋatlɨŋɨn star [stem: ɛŋɛr ~ aŋar]
NB: the consonant g here is not the g that is the allophone of j in some contexts, but the constant, independent g. cf.: vagɨtlɨŋɨn nail, talon, claw [stem: vɛg ~ vag] vs. vjaglɨŋɨn grass [stem: vjɛj ~ vjaj].
iv) suffix -ɨtlɨŋɨn [-> weak to strong vowels]: used if the stem consists of one syllable that ends in the (single) consonant -r:
parɨtlɨŋɨn scapula (used for the upper part of the wall in a yaranga) [stem: par]
a'rɨtlɨŋɨn thumb [stem: a'r]
more commonly, this suffix is used alongside -(ɨ)lgɨn, in the same contexts as the latter, though much more rarely:
mɨngɨtlɨŋɨn arm, hand
vagɨtlɨŋɨn nail, talon, claw
v) suffix -ŋɨ: used if the stem ends in a vowel
titiŋɨ needle [stem: titi ~ tɛtɛ]
rɨpɛŋɨ hammer [stem: rɨpɛ ~ rɨpa]
kukɛŋɨ large pot, cauldron [stem: kukɛ ~ koka]
qɛmɛŋɨ dish, platter [stem: qɛmɛ ~ qama]
ɨpaŋɨ broth [stem: ɨpa]
jaraŋɨ home, house, dwelling [stem: jara]
qoraŋɨ reindeer [stem: qora]
joroŋɨ inner tent, polog [stem: joro]
there is some evidence which indicates that in the past, before the language started to develop the tendency toward the reduction of final vowels, this singulative suffix used to have two phonetic variations, -ŋɛ ~ -ŋa.
it is not entirely clear why singulative suffixes in chukchi are so diverse. these might be the remaining traces of a division of nouns into groups (classes), which used to exist at some point in the past but has long since been lost and survives only as separate morphological relics. at present, the language is showing a growing tendency toward using no singulative suffix; at the moment, the non-affixal method of forming the singular of nouns prevails over the affixal ones, and its productivity continues to increase as affixal singulative forms are being replaced by those with a singulative affix. this tendency could explain the fact that some nouns have both an affixal and a non-affixal singulative form.
milüt, mɛlötalgɨn hare
pɨchiq, pɨcheqalgɨn little bird
kɨtɛp, kɨtɛpalgɨn ram
imchjɛchuk, ɛmchjachokalgɨn ermine
riquk, rɛqokalgɨn polar fox
it appears that affixal singulative forms are used mostly for referring to specific objects (entities), while non-affixal ones are used mostly for referring to objects (entities) in general. however, this distinction is far from absolute. the language certainly has many nouns with both affixal and non-affixal singular forms, including the terms for various animals, that do not allow for any specific vs. general distinction altogether. the tendency seems to have just started to develop. singulative suffixes may disappear before it has the time to take a more definite shape.