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[moonflower77]

Adverbial participle

Adverbial participles may convey aspect or mood, the cause or the purpose of the action referred to by the predicate or the temporal circumstances under which it is performed.   

Certain adverbial participles are extremely similar to each other as far as their meaning is concerned, but when some of them are used, the semantic emphasis rests on the adverbial participle itself, while with the others it falls on the predicate verb.

Perfective adverbial participles describe actions that have been finished and are formed using the following markers: -tot, -rer, -non, -tet, -rer ~ -ret. In the Sakhalin dialect the marker -tot is used to indicate that the action was completed in the past, while is used to indicate -non that the action will be completed in the future. The Amur dialect does not differentiate between tenses. The marker -tet, -non is used for 1^st p. sg. or for any person in the plural while the marker -rer, -ror ~ -rot is used for 2^nd and 3^rd p. sg., for instance: yeuranr inʲd-nyror yaznt “his sister, having prepared the food, called him”; čʰaskymnon muindra “having completed your tutoring, I will die”

Finite momentane adverbial participles I are formed using the suffix -ba - -be - -by, as in hyŋ-yzŋ juxbe pujhkant “as soon as the killer whale jumped, the water spray flew”.

Finite momentane adverbial participles II have an emotive, expressive coloring and are formed using the suffix -ge as in erχ qoge, q'оtr-t'оnr tuxkir xyvra, tore xyvre, tore xyvre “having descended to him (the bear who killed her husband and child), (she) at once struck at his head with an axe, (she) cried and struck, cried and struck”.

Continuous adverbial participles are formed using the suffix -fke ~ -ke, as in yat os’r wint, wifke, ŋyuŋy yat karr “his tiger rose and began to walk; on and on it walked, when it grew dark, his tiger stopped”.

Concessive adverbial participles are formed using the suffix -χат, -ga, as in čʰi vyrk n'esqаŋgavrχа nʲγeja! “only, if you do not despise me, take me for a wife”.

Relative-preferential adverbial participles have the compound suffixes -inbaraxaj, -ibaraga, as in čʰо-maginbaraχxaj als-p'ederq urd “picking berries is better than catching fish”

Adverbial participles of unrealized intention require a verb stem in the intentional and obligative mood, which is combined with the adverbial participle markers -ŋа ~ -ŋy, -ŋan, -fke, -ke or the affirmative marker -χаr ~ -gar. The latter is usually adjoined to the truncated forms of the suffix -iny- ~ -in-, -ny-, for instance: ixi-nyŋy, hyŋ-raŋk igpnt, t'а p'ixve “when (they) already wanted to kill her, that woman said, do not kill me”; č'ykynan tyvγr, čaj-χаvur, rainyke, amt'ezd'rа “your elder brother also entered the dwelling, warmed up the tea and was already going to drink, but had no time to do so (as the killer-bear burst inside)”; pʰiγsč'erχ přyinygar, t'аftrerd “(I) would have come to you (sg.) (I wanted to come to you) myself, but I there was not enough time”.

Concessive adverbial participles I are formed using a variant of the suffix -kisk ~ -gisk-, -kirk ~ -girk, -gin, as in n'i pxiroχ wigisk, klud jaxzud “although I go to the forest, I know no fear.”

Concessive adverbial participles II are formed with the help of the compound suffix -χаjnapy. The logical emphasis in this case falls onto the verb that plays the role of the predicate: n'i malyf-p'iχajnapy n'аxzuxitlo “although I live nearby, you (sg.) do not know me, of course”.

Concessive adverbial participles III are formed with the help of the suffix -fur ~ -vur or -furu ~ -vuru. The first form implies a logical emphasis on the adverbial participle itself, the second on the predicate verb: n'i lervur kʰyjlo? n'i lervuru kʰyjlu? I would not be able to win while competing, wouldn’t I?

Circumstantial-temporal adverbial participles has the suffix -ŋа ~ -ny, -ŋan, as in njvŋ palroχ ŋa-ŋanxt wiŋy, sik pykspykznt “whenever the people went to the forest to hunt, all of them would disappear”.

The respectful form of the circumstantial-temporal adverbial participle is formed using the suffix –ful, as in č'in přyful nin-dod “when you (pl. or respectful sg.) came, you helped us”.

Simultaneous parallel adverbial participles has the suffix ifo ~ -ivo, as in pyrk wiifo ŋа-xurа, in'rа “you will go on your own and, at the same time, kill an animal, eat”.

Adverbial participles of integral (consistent, unbroken) action have the suffix –data, as in hytaroχt'iŋ wiŋgavrndata k'yr muint “we will die of starvation before we so much as walk half of the way”.

Purposive adverbial participles have the suffix -ftox, which is adjoined to a verb stem in the intentional and obligative mood (suffix -iny-, -ny-): mu-ajinyftоχ č'χа i'ixmd “he gave me the money so I would/could make a boat”.

Causal adverbial participles are formed from verb stems using the suffixes -ftex, -lax, - χаjgnyr: p'eχlaŋts-k'ufteχ p'uskita “they were avenging the murder of their child”; iřn-nrylax sik rаŋft'iŋ pagmuta “because (they) saw them, all without exception turned into rock (became rocks)”.  

A causal meaning may also be conveyed using the causative.

The morphological instruments associated with the Nivkh verb are not limited to the these adverbial participles, or to the adverbial and mood markers. In fact, some adverbial participles and mood forms may have three stylistic varieties: neutral, affirmative-emphatic and emotive.

Apart from the aforementioned lexical units, a statement may be imbued with an expressive emotional coloring by using the following specialized suffixes:

-χра ~ -gra affirmation and exclamation: yjka, kyraχrа! “oh, but I am hungry!”

-va condemnation, passing judgment: paj n'siŋruva! “you are deceiving me in vain!” (you are doing this in vain/there is no need for you to do this, do not deceive me), tyxtva! “you are playing/fooling around!” (do not play/fool around);

-ŋgо, -go surprise, satisfaction: jeχо-ŋа, qоnt, lovrwajux n'rаχvuŋgо 'as soon as I started to feel (woke up), it behan to hurt, (all of a sudden the pain) clasped me under the arms', kryz'ŋgо in'indra '(he, I) ate until (he, I) was full'.

A verb in the nominal form takes the following suffixes:

-e pleasure: tu-niγvŋ pot'urde 'o, but this man is handsome!', pʰi ч'о-xud'e, k'eq-nřyd'e furd' 'he told of the way he caught fish on his own, saw a fox';

-а emphatic highlighting, irony: ytyta! taurd'а 'oh! he is tarrying for a very long time', lаqxir viurd'а 'he seems to ski (walk on skis) well';

-о regret and sorrow: jа-ŋаn'-γfkun-bark-avr-nřyjdo, i-ŋyn'fku-bark-uvr-nřynyd'о 'o! would it that one could at least see (find) his bones';

-aj, -ej used to convey a pleasant or unpleasant sensation or emotion: řаŋq п pot'urda! 'o, but the woman’s face is good-looking!', hogdej! 'o, but it is cold!'